Section 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the social and cultural factors influencing the development of rational recreation from pre-industrial times to present day?
A
- The industrial revolution
- Urbanisation
- The emergence of the middle classes
- Improved communication
- The church
- Public Provision
- Working Conditions
2
Q
What are the characteristics of popular recreation?
A
- Performed occassionally
- Performed during a festival
- Localised
- Un-coded
- Few, simple unwritten rules
- Participation rather than spectator
- Working classes
- Based on force not skill
- Wagering
- Limited equipment
3
Q
How did the industrial revolution influence the development of rational recreation?
A
- More factories and houses built for workers meant there was less space for mob games
- Factory and church teams developed
- These teams allowed social control of the working classes by the middle and upper classes
- Middle classes made money from industrialisation
- Their children went to public school and organised sport
- Went to university = creation of NGBs
4
Q
How did urbanisation influence the development of rational recreation?
A
- Less space meant that sport had to adapt
- Removed village v village competitions
- Specific facilities were being made
- Participation became more expensive so middle classes dominated
5
Q
How did working conditions influence the development of rational recreation?
A
- More machines meant less workers which improved their health
- Health and hygiene began to improve meaning they were ill less
- Disease was reduced
- Better health among the factory teams meant they had more energy
- They became better and more competitive teams
6
Q
How did the church influence the rational development of sport?
A
- Church were against excess participation of mob games and were more accpeting of rational recreation
- The church promoted muscular christianity
- Manliness and Godliness
- Organised church teams
- E.g. clergy set up Everton football club
- Provided land for sport to be participated on
- Lead to regular competitions
7
Q
How did improvements in communication and transport influence the rational development of sport?
A
- Allowed workers to watch and play in matches/competitons
- They could now afford it due to increases in wages and cost of transport decreasing
- Railways
- Working class could easily travel to matches
- Telephone
- Easier to organise matches between factories meaning leagues and fixtures developed
- Newspapers
- Fixtures and results were published getting attention from the public and increasing interest in the sport
8
Q
How did the emergence of the middle class influence the development of rational recreation?
A
- Factory owners supported sport as it improves morale and loyalty
- Provided land for players and spectators
- Promoted that sport improved health and social control
- Used the influence of universities to allow organisation of leagues and competitions
- Improved wages so workers could play to pay or watch sport
9
Q
How did the ex-public school boys influence the development of rational recreation?
A
- Went to university bringing with them different variations of the game
- The parents of ex-public school boys often owned factories/became factory owners
- Some became members of the clergy and developed church teams
- Some joined the army and became officers
- Some travelled the British Empire and introduced new sport around the colinies
- Politicians
- Philanthropists
- Teachers
10
Q
How did Public Provision influence the development of rational recreation?
A
- Created boroughs which led to regional teams being created and leagues developing
- Provision of parks and baths
- Washing was availible to the working classes
- Combat disease
- Banned mob games which led to better social control
- Seaside and countryside towns developed which meant that more spectators could support their home towns
11
Q
What influenced the current sporting arena?
A
- Improved standards of living allowed greater participation among most social groups
- PE was introduced in schools as part of the national curriculum
- People became proffessionals based on skill rather than funding
- Media coverage moved towards TV which increased sponsorship due to the increased knowledge in sport
- Increased government and lottery funding led to improvement in transport and competitions
12
Q
What are the characteristics of an amateur?
A
- Experience lots of different sport
- Grass roots to elite levels
- Discourages deviant behaviour
- No monetary gains
- Take part in sport for the love of it
- Participation is more important than winning
13
Q
What are the current views of amateurism?
A
- Tends to be a lower status compared to proffessionals
- Some high level performers are not proffessionals
- Blurring of amateur and proffessional distinctions with less liklihood of exclusions as society becomes fairer
- Performance at the top level is open to all
- Some amateurs recieve finance to pay for training expenses through scholarships etc.
14
Q
What were the old views of amateurism?
A
- High morality
- Sportsmanship and gentlemenly behaviour
- Held high status in sports and society
- Were the best players in their sport
- Middle and upper classes controlled the sport excluding many working classes from sports
- Games were not taken too seriously
- More likely that top performers would come from upper or middle class
- Had suffient income/leisure time to play sport for the love of it
15
Q
What are the characteristics of proffessionals?
A
- High standards
- Train full time
- Sport is a business
- Earn money from sport
- Heavily influenced by commercialisation
- Winning is crucial
- Deviance
- High rewards through sponsorship
- Proffessionals compete as amateurs in olympics
- Spectator
