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Medical Micro Test 1 > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Two Types of Cells

A

1- Eukaryotic

2- Prokaryotic

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2
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

A 
Make up non-mircroscopic  like.
1- mammals
2- Fungi
3- algae
4- Plants
5- Protozoa
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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A

1- All Bacteria

2- Achaea

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4
Q

How many human eukaryotic cells genes are there

A

25,000

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5
Q

How many genes does bacteria cells have

A

5,000

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6
Q

Bacteria size

A

1/1000 the volume of our cells

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7
Q

Bacteria cells lack

A 
1- internal membraned bound organelles
2- 70s Ribosomes
3- Complex Walls
4- 1000x smaller than human cells
5- circular dsDNA
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8
Q

Bacteria outer wall

A

Unique outer wall that covers the cell plasma membrane and protects from osmotic lysis.

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9
Q

Three major life forms

A

1- Bacteria
2- Archaea
3- Eucarya
measured by genetic similarity

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10
Q

Humans can be infected by Eukaryotic Pathogens

A

1- Fungi
2- Helminths
3- Portozoa

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11
Q

Prokaryotic microorganisms that infect humans

A

1- bacteria

2- a Few Archea

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12
Q

Bacteria can be decided into two categories

A

1- gram +

2- gram -

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13
Q

Gram + Bacteria

A

1- have thick outer cell wall with peptidglycan outside a single inner plasma membrane

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14
Q

Gram - Bacteria

A

1- have thin cell wall sandwiched between the cell membrane and a unique outer membrane.
2- the outer-membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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15
Q

Viruses two categories

A

1- enveloped

2- non-enveloped

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16
Q

Enveloped virus

A

much less hardy than non-enveloped

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17
Q

Prions

A

small infectious proteins

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18
Q

Bacteria protein synthesis

A

1- mRNA is transcribed directly in the presence of ribosomes, there is little lag in protein productions which means the bacteria can respond quickly to environmental changes.

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19
Q

Ribosome 70s

A

1- different than eukaryotic 80s

2- Target site for some antibiotics

20
Q

Bacteria wall

A

1- regular bi-lipd cell membrane

2- rigid cell wall (another target for antibiotics)

21
Q

Bacterial structures anchored to cell membrane or cell wall

A

1- Pili/Fimbrae
2- Flagella
3- Capsule
4- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

22
Q

Pili/Fimbrae

A

1- used for attachment and conjugation

2- Leptin

23
Q

Flagella

A

Locomotion

24
Q

Capsule

A

1- protect from phagocytosis
2- Anti-phagocytic
1- Protect from PMNs and macrophages

25
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

1- major virulence factor, found in the outer membrane of gram - bacteria
2- Inflammatory Toxin
3- Endotoxin
4- Activate macrophages

26
Q

Bacteria secrete many digestive enzymes

A

to breakdown carbohydrates and proteins into small sugars and AA which are taken up by small pores

27
Q

Digestive enzymes may cause

A

damage to human tissue which cause pathology

28
Q

Bacteria must also steal

A

essential molecules (e.g. iron) from the host

29
Q

Bacteria releases waste

A

into the immediate environment which could be used as nutrient source for other bacteria

30
Q

Biofilms

A

Complex ecological bio-systems where bacteria live

31
Q

Lectin

A

binds bacteria to host and other bacteria

32
Q

Bacteria Cell Wall

A

1- essential, all enclosing, rigid, porous, protective-girdle that surrounds the bacterial cell
2- Protects the plasma membrane from osmotic pressure

33
Q

Bacteria cell wall made of

A

polysaccharide chain cross linked by peptides

34
Q

Polysaccharide chains

A

formed by repeating, modified glucose dimers called:
1- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
2- N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

35
Q

Cell wall synthesis

A

1- Cytoplasm
2- short peptide is bound to a disaccharide (NAG-NAM-peptide)
3- transported through the cell membrane
4- joined to a growing peptidoglycan chain by a transport enzyme complex
5- 20 or so dimers are linked into a structural girder just outside the cell membrane, fall off the transport enzyme complex and bump into the inside of the existing cell wall.
6- Membrane bound enzyme Transpeptidase spot welds these girders into place by cross-linking the peptides hanging from the girders to peptides dangling from the existing wall.

36
Q

Transpeptidase

A

spot welds peptidoglycan into place by cross-linking the peptides hanging from peptidoglycan to the existing wall.

37
Q

Autolysins

A

degrades and synthesizes peptidoglycan

38
Q

Small amount of LPS

A

Excellent at activating the innate immune reaction

39
Q

Large amount or systemic amounts of LPS

A

1- Cause serious problems

2- In blood vessels clotting system is activated leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation

40
Q

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation

A

Obstructed blood flow in the affected blood vessels, causing damage to death to the underlying tissue.

41
Q

Macrophages when activated by LPS

A

1- LPS Binds to TLR-4 recpetor
2- secret NO compounds onto surrounding tissue which include proteases that breakdown extracellular matrix (collagen) - collegenase
3- PGE2 (Prostaglandin-E2) (Activates osteoclasts to resorb bone) and TNF alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor) (signals endothelial cells to produce more NO, which causes pre-capillary sphincters to relax (inflammation)
1- Hypovolemic shock (septic shock)
1- too many capillaries in the body opened up at one time causing blood pressure to fall dramatically

42
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

1- Septic Shock

2- too many capillaries in the body opened up at one time causing blood pressure to fall dramatcially

43
Q

Starch/Glycogen

A

1- Energy storage

2- Amylase (Pancreatic enzyme)

44
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural

45
Q

Peptidogylcan

A

1- Structural

2-Lysozyme

46
Q

Lysozyme

A

Found in
1- Tears
2- Saliva

47
Q

Chitin

A

Extracellular matrix

Medical Micro Test 1 (2 decks)

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