Section 2 Flashcards
East Africa
-Uganda
-Kenya
-Tanzania
-Climate
~Tropics
*Variable rainfall/temperatures based on latitude and elevation
-East Africa
~Grassland
~Semi arid
-Rainy seasons
~March-May
~November-January
Topography
-East Africa
-Highlands
~Mt. Kilmandjaro, TZ
*19,340 ft
~East Africa Rift System
*Great Rift Valley
Waterways
-Nile River (Sudan)
~Connections to Egypt and the Mediterranean
-Red Sea
-Indian Ocean
~Trade to the east
-East African Great Lakes
~Lake Victoria
Ecology
-Plants and animals
-Woodlands
-Grasslands
-Ungulates/Heard animals
-Predators
-Domesticated animals
~Cattle, sheep, goats
-Native Domesticated crops
~Millet, Sorghum, Coconut (coast)
-Introduced from Asia
~Rice, wheat
-Introduced from the Americas
~Maize
People and Cultures
-Africa
-Language families
~5 major groups
*Lots of diversity within them
~2nd most populous continent
People and Cultures
-East Africa
-3 major linguistic groups
~160 ethnic groups
-Cushitic (Horn of Africa)
-Nilotic (Kenya/Uganda)
-Bentu
~Luganda/Ganda (Uganda)
~Swahili (Tanzania)
East Africa
-Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania
-Human orgins
~4mya-200,000
-Hunter-gatherers/ Pastoralists/ Agriculture
~120, to present
-African States
~About 1,000-1,900 CE
-European Colonization
~1500-1960s
-Independence and Nation-States
~1960-Present
Human Evolution
-Great Rift Valley
-Australopithecus
~Lucy
*4-2.5mya
-Homo habilis
~Homo erectus
*2.5-200kya
-Homo sapiens
~200,000
*Hunter and gathering
**Rely primarily on foraged plants, hunted animals
Deep History of African hunter-gathers
-120,000 to present
~Rely primarily on foraged plants, hunted animals
-Contemporary hunter-gathers
~400,000 people today
~South Africa
*San
~Central/ East Africa
*Pygmy
~East Africa
*Okiek, Hadza
East African Hunter-gatherers
-Okiek/Ogiek (13 on map)
~Southern Nilotic language group
-High-altitude, densely forested regions
-Migrated into southern at least 1,000 years ago
Pastoralists
-People who rely primarily on domesticated herds
-Tend to be more mobile, moving heard to pastures and water sources
-East African Pastoralists
~Maasai, Samburur, Borana Galla, and Rendielle
Pastoralism/Pastoralists
-~5,000 years ago
~Introduction of cattle herding, foraging, and hunting from SW Asia
East African Pastoralism
-Pastoral Neolithic
~5,000-1,000 years ago
*Genetic affinity to Afro-Asiatic/Cushitic speakers
**Because increasingly specialized as climate improved grasslands
-Pastoral Iron Age
~1,000 years ago to the present
*Genetic affinity to Nilotic speakers
**Maasai
East African Pastoralism Today
-~1 million today
~Maasai
Agriculture in East Africa
-Iron Age/Bantu Migration
~100 BCE-1500 CE
-2000-1500 CE
~From Niger River, West Africa
*Iron tools, smelting
*Pottery
*Farmed millet, sorghum, dry rice, beans, oil palms, banana, yam
-Bantu language groups
~Ganda/Luganda
~Swahili
*Interacted with existing groups and created a diversity of ethnic groups and political entities
African States/Kingdoms
-~1500-1900 CE
-Egyption Dynasty (Sudan)
-West African States
-Ethiopia Kingdom
~Aksum
-Bantu States
~Great Zimbabwe
*Buganda Kingdom (Bachwezi Empire)
~Swahili States
*Indian Ocean Trade network
*Adoption of Islam
**Focus on rice farming
*Stonetowns
Arrival of European colonizers
-Portuguese late 1400s
~Trade with Asia and access to natural resources
~Beginning of transatlantic slave trade in West Africa
European Colonization/Colonialism
-1500-1900s
~Portuguese
~Dutch (Southern Africa)
~British (South and East Africa)
~French (North Africa)
~Italy (East Africa)
~Germans (East Africa)
-Berlin Conference
~1884-1885
*14 countries (including the USA) divided up Africa for their colonies
-Only Ethiopia was able to defeat the incursion of the Italian military to maintain independence
-Liberia was settled by freed enslaved people from the US
-Settler colonialism
~Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
-Protectorates
~Governed/ Ruled by distant states
-Access to goods in Asia
-Resource Extraction/Industrialization
~People (Slaves) through the early 1900s
*Rubber, gold, diamonds, Labor
-Racial and Cultural Domination
~Racist ideas of social evolution and primitivism
*Justification/need to “civilize”
European Colonization/Colonialism
-Early 20th century
-Early British Social Anthropology
~E.E. Evans-Pritchard
-Independence Movements
~1950-1960s
-Kenya
~British settler colonial state
Mau Mau Rebellion 1952-1960
**Kikuyu ethnic group
**Oficial languages: English, Swahili
-Ugana
~British protectorate
*Buganda Kingdom and Centralized government
**Official languages: English, Swahili, Luganda
-Tanzania
~Tanganyika and Zanzibar
*Maji Maji Rebellion 1906-1907
**Led by Religious leader Kinjiketele
*Official languages: English, Swahili, Arabic (Zanzibar)
-Tanganyika
~German protectorate
-Zanzibar
~British protectorate
African Nation States
-1970-Present
-Kenya
~Single party and presidents
*Jomo Kenyatta (1964-1978)
*Daniel arap Moi (1978-1997)
~Multi=party system enacted 1992
New Constitution 2006
**President: William Ruto (2022-present)
**Elected
-Uganda
~Buganda Kings and Non-Buganda Governments
*1966-1971
~Military Dictator Idi Amin (1971-1979)
*War 1980-1986
~Coup led by Yuweru Museveni (1986-present)
-Tanzania
~Julius K. Nyerere (1961-1985)
~Ujaama Socialism
*Collective farming, focus on rural areas, state-owned land and enterprises
~Post-1985 Multi=party but mostly ruled by a single party (CMM)
*First female president Samia Suluhu Hassan (2021-present)
Neo-Colonial/ Neo-Liberal Globalization
-1970-1980s
-Structural Adjustment Projects (SAPs)
~”Development”
-World Bank / International Monetary Fund (IMF)
~Loans/Debt “forgiveness” given to governments in exchange for economic reforms:
*Free and global markets
**DE-emphasized national production
*Privatization of national entities
**Natural resources, land, medical system
*Imposition of “austerity” measures
**Adjustments to wages and currencies
Broader Concepts
-Theory
-Identity
~Who we are in relation to others
~Constructed and Contested
-Political Economy
~The interconnections between economic production and political power
*Globalization
Identity
-Who we are in relation to others
-Individual identities created in relation to group/communities
~Ethnicity
~Nation/Region
~Gender
~Age
~Religion
~Class
-Varies by context
~Identities are constructed and contested
~In some places, you might find one aspect of your identity is more prominent or hidden than others
-African Identity
~Expressed/negotiated through Hip-Hop
*Integrating US hip-hop styles and African musical traditions
*Lyrics in mix of English African languages
-Kenyan artiste: Gidi Gidi Maji Maji
~Song: “UnBWOGOable”
*Dohluo word Bwogo means intimidate or scare
-Want to project a “concrete African identity”
-Contract to Western identity/stereotypes
-Might be essentializing/ simplifying/ stereotypes
-Identities often contested
~Tanzanian artiste: Mr. Ebbo
~Songs: “Fahari Yaho” and “Masai, Bado”
*Kiswahili & Adopts Maasai dress (From Kenya)
Gender identity
-Expressed/negotiated through Hip Hop
-How are behaviors of men and women projected/contested
-Kenyan artiste: Wahu
~Songs: “Kibow Wow” and “Sitshiki”
-Tanzanian artiste: Zay B
~Song: “Monica”
Political Economy
-Politics
~Power relationships within a society
-Economy
~How a society makes a living
-The interconnections between economic production and political power, how they change overtime, pre and post-capitalistic societies
~Socio-economic status and political power
-How status and power are established in African pastoral societies
~Less rigid hierarchies. Earned through skill, ability to accumulate wealth through heard and accumulating goods through exchange
-Age
~Young men have less influence than older men
-Reciprocity/Redistribution of goods
-Obligations to family/community
-How status and prestige are established in industrial, capitalistic societies
~Rigid hierarches of those who have access and those who do not
~Industrial Revolution
*Owners/ Laborers; classes
~Goods/ Services done in exchange for money
*Can accumulate money and goods
~Levels of redistribution are contested
Political Economy
-Post-Colonial Global Capitalism
-Globalization
~Worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders
-Neoliberalism
~Economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism of economic growth, with a severely restricted role of the government
Political Economy
-Kenya
-Multi-party system enacted 1992
-Newly proposed Constitution 2006
~National Rainbow Coalition (NARC)
~Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
-How did hip-hop get utilized in this case?
~NARC used song “Unbwogable”
*Sponsored song competitions
**Used hip-hop songs to attach youth voters
Political Economy
-Economic realities in East Africa
-Boda Boda (Taxi cabs)
-Buying music/Bootlegs
-Youth experiences and disenfranchisement with Neoliberal economies and Globalization
~Kenyan group: Kalamashka
*Song: “Ni Wakati”
Political Economy
-Uganda
-Buganda Kings and Non-Buganda
-Governments
~1966-1971
*Military Dictator Idi Amin (1971-1979)
*War 1980-1986
*Coup led by Yuweri Moseveni (1986-present)
-Bobi Wine
Climate
-Tropics
~Vatiable rainfall/temperatures based on latitude and elevation
~Costal Desert
~Dry Highlands
~Wet Eastern Slopes
~Rainy season
*December-March
Topography
-Highlands
~Vallys
-Highest peaks
~22,000-20,000 ft asl
-Altiplano
~High plain
*12,000 ft asl
Waterways
-Pacific Coast
~Fish, guano
-Andean river valleys irrigation
~Lake Titicaca
Ecology
-Plants and animals
-Many ecological zones
~Chala
~Quechua (Suni)
~Puna
~Yungas
-Wild Camelids
~Vicuna, guananco
~Wild Cats
~Chinchillas
-Domesticated camelids
~Llamas, alpacas
~Guinea Pig (Cuy)
-Native Domesticated crops
~Potatoes, tubers, quinoa
-Introduced from Amazon
~Chili peppers, sweet potatoes, peanuts
-Introduced from Mexico
~Maize
-Introduced from Eurasia
~Fava beans, wheat, barley
People and Cultures
-South America/Andes
-Language families
~2 major language groups in Andes
*Quechua (green)
*Aymara (pink)
**Multiple Amazonian language groups
-Spanish
~All but Brazil
-Portuguese
~Brazil
Demography Today
-Distribution of the indigenous population
-Compared to the US Southwest
Andes
-Human origins and highland hunter-gatherers
~15,000-7,000 years ago
-Origins of agriculture and settled villages
~5,000 BCE-500CE
-Andean States and the Inka Empire
~500CE-1523
-Spanish Conquest/Independence
~1500s-1800s
-Republican and Modern States Peru
~1860-1960s
Human Migrations in South America
-Monte Verde, Chile
~Coast lowlands
*15,000 years ago
-Cave sites, Peru
~Highlands
*13,000 years ago
Origins of Agriculture
-Camelids domesticated in highlands
~8,000-5,000 years ago
-Plants domesticated in Amazon and Mexico
~Chili peppers, Maize
*Appear in dry coastal sites 7,000 years ago
-Plants domesticated in highlands
~Potatoes, quinoa
*5,000-3,000 years ago
Early Andean Complex Societies
-3,000BCE-500
~Small settle commonities
~Built large ceremonial complexes
-Caral
~Coastal Valley
-Chavin de Huantar
~Central highlands
Early Andean States
-500-1,100 CE
~Large, organized urban populations
~Broad political influence
-Wari
~Central and northern highlands
-Tiwanaku
~Lake Titicaca and southern highlands
Early Andean States
-1,000-1470 CE
-Chimu Empire
~North Coast
-Andean Kingdoms
~Central Andes/Lake Titicaca
-Cusco
~Homeland of the Inka
Inka Empire
-1470-1532 CE
~Based in Cusco
~Each ruler or “Inka” conquered new land
~Moved populations around
*Taxes: Crops and M’ita (labor)
Inka Empire and Spanish Conquest
-1,532 CE
~Inka Waya Capac
*Lived in Quito (Ecuador)
~Died of small pox
*Diseases arriving through trade
-Two Inka brothers
~Huascar (Cusco) and Atahalpa (Quinto)
-Spanish Conquistador Pizarro arrived and pitted brothers against each other
~Disease decimating local populations
Spanish Colonization of the Andes
-Administrators and Priests
~Mostly Spanish men
-Intermarriage with Inka elites and regional leaders (kurakas)
-Exploited Inka administration
-Exploitation of land, natural resources, and land
~M’ita labor in the mines
*Potosi, Bolivia
-Agriculture and indigenous labor
~Encomieda
*Lands awarded to conquerors
*In exchange for conversion
~Haciendas
*Lands “purchased” by non-rural landowners
*Some indigenous communities
*Labor to produce agricultural products
Independence from Spain
-18,06-1829
~Simon Bolivar
~Jose de San Martin
*Men of European descent, wealthy landowners
Republican Era
-1830-1900s
~Mestizo upper classes
*Urban, coastal areas
*Access to education, large-scale landowners
~Indigenous/Peasant class
*Rural, highlands
*No schools, still served as laborers
*Disenfranchised
Indigenismo, Revolt and Agrarian Reforms
-1950-1960s
~Bolivia
*Revolution 1952
**Liberal urban party, rural farmers, unionized miners
~Peru
Military coup 1968
**Leftist leader
**Juan Vasquez Alvarado
**Support of indigenous groups
*Universal education, participation in political processes, voting rights, rights to land
~Agrarian Reforms
*Redistribution of haclenda lands
**1953 (Bolivia)/1969 (Peru)
South American Governments
-“Cold War”
~1950-1980s
-United States and USSR
~Struggle over economic and political policies across South America
-Cuban Revolution
~1953-1959
*Communism/Socialism oriented
-US backed Dictatorships in Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, and others
~Capitalistic/Neo-liberal oriented
-Neoliberal economic reforms
~1980
President Belaunde Terry
**Decree DL 002
**“Law of Agrarian Development”
~1993
*President Alberto Fujimori
**Overturned laws of 1969 Reform
-“Reprivatize” communal/cooperative lands
Peruvian Governments and Civil War
-1980-1990s
~Struggle between wealthy, upper class often tied to neoliberal, capitalist policies and middle, lower class of tied to more socialist, policies
-Sendero Luminoso
~Shining Path
*Abimel Guzzman
Peru Today
-1990-2000
~Democratically elected governments
*12 different presidents since 2000
*7 presidents since 2006
-Struggles between the wealthy and the poor, the city and the rural, corruption, and distrust
Neoliberal Reforms in South America
-1980-2000s
-Structural Adjustment Project (SAPs)
~Government adjustments
*World Bank
*International Monetary Fund (IMF)
~Development
*Infrastructure
**Roads
*Mining and resource extraction
-Development agencies and programs
~Projects aimed at growing economies and improving quality of life for “underdeveloped” nations
-Agricultural production, health/nutrition, environmental issues
-Parastatl Development Agencies
~USAID (US), AECID (Spain)
-Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
~PRISMA, others mention in the text
-Chapter 3
~Othersiders coming in with “solutions”
~Often “top-down”
~Unsuccessful, some harmful
Quinoa: Food Politics and Agrarian Life in the Andean Highlands
-Food
-Political and Cultural
-Globalization
-Development projects and exports
-Indigenous/Farmer’s Agency
