Chapter 1 Flashcards
Culture Area
-Defined by early 20th-century anthropologists
-A geography area with shared cultural traits, often based on linguistics similarities and other “norms”
-Utilized to compare similarities and differences among groups
-Changes in definitions of culture- more fluid, based on meaning and interaction
-Less an analytical unit, more reference to region/geography
North America
-Culture Areas
-Southwest
~Climate
*Desert west
**Low rainfall
-Plains
-Southeast
-Northeast
-Great Basin
-California
-Northwest coast
-Plateau
-Subarctic
-Arctic
Topography
-Mountain Ranges
-High Plateau
-Valleys (basins)
-River systems
~Salt River, AZ
Ecology
-Plants and animals
-Cactus
~Saguaro
-Agave
-Deer, antelope, rabbit, wild turkey
-Crops/Agriculture
~Maize
~Beans
~Squash
~Amaranth
-Introduced species from Eurasia
~Various grasses, seed plants
~Horses
~Cattle
People and Culture
-Four Corners
~New Mexico
~Airzona
~Utah
~Colorado
Demography Today 2016
-Hispanic
-Non-Hispanic
-African American
-Asian alone
-Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders alone
-Two or more races
Regiona; History in a Nutshell
-Early Indigenous history
~13,000 BP-1500CE
-Colonial and settler history (1500 to present)
-Indigenous perspectives, Apache history
-BP = before present
-BCE = before the common era
~BC = before christ
-CE = Common era
~AD = Anno Domini
Early Settlement (15,000-2000 BCE)
-Earliest archaeological sites date to ~13,000 BP
~Paleo-Indian period
*Blackwater Draw, Clovis, New Mexico
-Predominantly mobile hunter-gathers until ~2000 BCE (Archaic Period)
~Maize introduced from Mexico
-Smaller-scale settlement, low-level food production (small plots of maize), foraging
~2000BCE-CE 200 (Late Archaic)
Regional Cultural Development
-Emergence of Cultural Groups (CE 200-1300)
-Ancestral Puebloan
~AD 900-1100
*Hopi
*Zuni
*Tiwa
*Tewa
*Pecos
*Keres
*Piro
*Towa
-Apahe Enclaves
~Najavo
~Coyotero
~Chiricahua
-Athabasken (Na Dene)
~Navajo
~Apache
*Western
*Jicarilla
*Lipan
*Kiowa
-Volcanic eruption in Alaska and Yukon (CE 63 and CE 803)
~Moved through plains and into southwest by 1300-1500
-Linguistic similarities
~Grammar and words
~Place-names
~Origin stories that relate to migrations
-Fairly mobile, hunting bison in the plain
-Some maize agriculture
-Trade, exchange, and some conflict with Puebloan and Plain groups
European Colonization
-Spanish Conquest
~Missionaries and Military outpost
-Mexican Independence
~Rural outpost
-United States Expansion
~Settler Colonialism
-Resistance efforts
-Impacts of these groups on Indigenous populations of Southwest
-Early Conquest (1500-1680)
~New Spain
*Explorers and governors
-1540 Francisco Vaquez de Coronado
-1598 Don Juan de Onate sent to settle “New Mexico”
-Catholic conversion
~Fanciscan Missionaries
-Military outpost
-Impact of Spanish Colonization
~Reorganization of settlements
*Relatively little settlement by the Spanish
-Exploitation of existing cultural and territorial differences/conflicts
-Forced removal of religious practices
-Ecological changes; Disease, New species (cattle, horses, mutton)
-Introduction of new forms of violence (guns, raiding with horses, etc.) and slavery
Rebellion
-Pueblo Revolt and Reconquest (1689-1693)
~Several more minor revolts by both Pueblo and Apache groups in the early 1600s
-Pueblo Rebellion 1980
New Spain
-Terroties in 1800
~Selling off territories
*Revolution
Mexican Republic
-Mexican Independence and US Expansion (1700-1845)
~War of Independance
-1845
~Texas annexed to become part of US after rebellion
-1846-1848
~Mexican-American war
-1854
~Acquisition
US Expansion
Lands Acquired Treaty of Guadalupe and Gadsden Purchase
European Colonization
-Settler Colonialism
-Foreign settlers immigrate
-Permanently reside on lands occupied by Indigenous residents
-Removal and/or reduction of existing population
~Violent means
~Genocide
US Colonization
-Impacts of US
-Eradication of entire Indigenous groups
~Genocide
-Forced resettlement, removal of lands
~Reservation
-Limitations on movement and economic opportunity
-Forced eradication of language and culture in Residential Schools
Resistance and Resilience
-After Civil War
~Military sent west
-Resistance by many groups, but Apache especially tenacious (1850-1886)
Doing Anth
-Anth analyze information, share it, and use it to contribute to ongoing study of culture and society
-Terms/Concepts
~From Anthony terms they use to describe the phenomenon they are studying, “theory”
-Exanples/Illustrations
~From the culture being studied, “the data” that support the ideas the Anth is putting forth
-Argument/Intervention
~The combination of theory and data, new idea being presented
Theory
-Bigger ideas the aim to explain or understand a phenomenon
~Theory of Biological Evolution
*Why we see variation is species. How species change
Bigger idea addressed in Basso
-Theory
-Human (culture) and the environment
-Language and Culture
Culture and Environment
-How does our physical environment shape our culture, society?
-How do we shape our environment?
-Early anth (1900s-1950s)
~Culture areas
*Cultural traits reflect resources in the environment
*Material culture
**Clothing, housing, instruments, tools, etc.
*Subsistence
**Species utilized, hunting-gathering, farming, fishing, etc.
~Normative
*Unchanging, descriptive (Passive)
-1950s-1980s
~Influence of theories from biology
*Evolution and Ecology
~Culture as human adaptation to the environment
~Culture as a system
*Components interconnected
*Regulatory adjustments
**Shoshone seasonal hunting and gathering patterns as a “system”
~Deteminintic
*Change only comes from the environment
**Ignores symbolic and meaningful aspect of the environment
**Ignores individual interactions
**Environment just a backdrop
-21st century anth (2000s)
~Culture as web of meaning, shared knowledge, symbolic
~Environment has meaning/is symbolic
-Land and language as a symbolic system
~Semiotics and discourse (linguistics)
~Landscape
*Interactions between humans and environments
*Non-human entities have agency
Southeast Asia
-Climate
~Tropical
~Warm temps
~Lots of rain
*Monsoons
**June-Sep.
-Topography
~SE Asia Mainland
~Highland regions
*Chiang Mai (Book)
**Small villages
~Lowland
*River Plains
~Coastal shorelines
-Waterways
~Sea rivers
~Seas and Seafaring
*Migration and Trade of goods and ideas
*Within the region and towards India and China
-Ecology
~Plants and animals
*15% of the world’s tropical forests
~Biodiversity “hot spot”
~Rain forest
*Trees, birds, insects, amphibians, mammals
~Domesticated Rice
*Thailand #1 exporter
~Water buffalo, chickens, cattle, elephants
~Lowlands
*Rice agriculture
*Irrigation
*Terrances
~Highlands
*Dryland
*Swidden
*Slash and burn, rotate fields
People and Cultures
~Southeast Asia (Mainland)
-Ethno-linguistic groups
~Austroasiatic
*Derived from Central Asia
~Austronesian
*Derived from Melanesia, Pacific Islands
~Sino-Tibetan
*From China/Tibet
~Tai
*Derived from southwest China
**Regional variations mentioned in the book
Regional History in a NutShell
-SE Asia
-Early peopling of Southeast Asia (2mya-2000 BCE)
-Farming Settlement and Ancient Kingdoms (2000BCE-Ce1200)
~Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism
~King-Gods and Temples, Monks
-European Colonization and Modern State Thailand
-Earl Settlement, Human Evolution
~Early hominins 1.6 million years ago
*Homo erectus
*Homo floresiensis “hobbit” 3ft tall (100,000-50,000 years ago)
-Hunter-Gathers (10,000-2,000 BCE)
~Collected and hunted wild plants and animals
-Farming and Early Polities (2000 BCE-200)
~Rice domestication in China (5000 BCE)
*Speard to Southeast Asia
~Small farming villages based on rice agriculture
*Swidden
**Slash and burn agriculture
Maritime Trad and Rise of the King-Gods (100-800 CE)
-Farming basis of societies
-Maritime trade
~Contact with India and new religions
-Funan Kingdom/Mons
~Southern shores of Vietnam (port)
~First centralized political entities
**Trade and religion basis of political influence
-Spread of Hindu Religion from India (400 CE)
~Funan Kingdom
*Sanskrit
~Hindu gods
*Shiva, Vishnu, Brahman,
**Divine Kingship
~Temples and associations of leaders
Rise of the King-Gods
-Funan Kingdom (100-500 CE)
~Introduced Hindu ideas to the region
-Mandala
~Loose association of polities
*Central leaders/centers
**Sub-centers emanate out
Ankgor/Khmer State (CE 802-1430)
-King Hayacarman II and III
~Merged cult of ancestors and worship of Shiva
*Subjects worshiped the king as a god
**As reincarnated Shiva
-Angkor Wat and Angkor Tom (Cambodia)
~Wat = Temples to king gods
*Control of water and rice irrigation farming
Spread of Theravada Buddhism
-Story of The Buddha “Awakened One”
~Siddhartha Gautama (560-480 BCE)
*Born border of India/Nepal 5th Century
-Main Teaching
~Karma retribution for good and evil deeds, determines human’s situation in life and after death when they are reborn
*Achieved Nirvana
-Buddhist Monastery and Missionaries
~Monks
*Spread out of India to Southeast Asia
-Sacred language
~Pali
-Adopted by governments in Southeast Asia
~Including Angkor states
Siam History
-Sukhotai/Lan Na Kingdom (1200-1351 CE)
-Tai (free people)
~Originated from hill region of SW China
**Kingdom based on Theravada Buddhism
-Monastic/Monks leaders
~Tai alphabet introduced in 1280 CE
~Lan Na, known as Syam or Siamese
~King Ramkhamhaeng
-Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351-1767)
~1430
*Conquered Khmer and took Angkor Wat
-Adopted more Khmer style of ruling (King-gold) - more hierarchical that Tai ruling
-Theravada Buddhism spread
~Strong military
Western Influence
-Silk Road
~Exchange of goods inland through China
-Desire for spices from Asia
-1500s Arrival of European colonizers
~Looking for access via waterways
-Colonies established by
~Portuguese
~Dutch
~Spanish
~French
~British
Siam History (1782-1932)
-Siamese Kingdom
~King Rama I
*Capitol Bangkok
**Lost territorites but consolidated/closed borders and remained uncolonized
~King Mongut Rama IV
Modern Day Thailand (1932-Present)
-Monarchical Rule overthrown
~Established Constitutional monarchy
-Representative Government
~Democratically elected governments
~Millitary dictatorships through the 1980s
-Buddhist Majority
~Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity
Theories on Stonington
-Religions
-Biomedicine/ethnomedicine (health care)
-Decisions making
Religion
-A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be how life ought to be lived, often focused on supernatural power and lived out in community. (Guest 2023)
-Includes
~Mythsand Stories about the origin of humans and their place in the universe
~Ritual activities, symbols
~Specialists
~Institutions
~Community of believers
-Defines Ethical Behaviors
~Example
*10 Commandments
-Defines/explains the human life cycles from birth to death
-Shapes how to treat people at the end of life based on beliefs about life after death for living and deceased
Buddhism: Origins and Concepts
-The Noble Path-Let’s Look at World Religions (2012)
-Suffering
~Everyone suffers from illnesses and old age
~Life is full of suffering, which is craving
~Cessation of suffering, which ends cravings
~Path to the cessation of suffering, which is the eightfold path
~Understanding the eightfold path
*Right understanding
*Right intent
*Right Speech
*Right Action
*Right Livelihood
*Right Effort
*Right Mindfulness
*Right Concentration
-Nirvana
~Suffering ends when cravings end
-Compassion
~
-Karma
~
-Reincarnation
~
-Suffering (Dukkha)
~Cravings/desires/clinging (Tanha)
*Alleviation of suffering
-Ethical behavior Defined
~Reduction of suffering through ritual, meritorious acts, avoidance of evil
-Compassion
~Reality is a complex of interrelated and interdependent phenomena
~All things depend on all other things for coming into existence
-Ethical behavior defined
~Reduction of suffering through ritual, meritorious acts, avoidance of evil
-Karma
~Intentional Action
*If actions derive from ignorance, attachment, or aversion
**More Suffering
*If actions derive from wisdom, non-attachment, non-aversion
**Less Suffering
-Reincarnation
~Karma of present life passed to next
*Candle analogy
**Passing the spirit from the old body to the new body
-Passing of spirit from body to next
~Rituals and places
-Monks-Monkhood (Sangha)
~All men enter at some point
*Some women
~Period of study, mediation, and asceticism
~Receive all food through donations
*People receive merit in giving
~Oversee and carry out rituals
~Buddhadasa Bhikku
Medical Anthropology
-Study of disease, illness, health, well-being, and the body (Guest 2023)
-Definitions of
~Health
*Absence of disease and presence of well-being
~Disease
*A discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by professional
~Illness
*A person’s experience of being unwell
~Sickness
*A person’s public expression of illness and disease
Health System
-Biomedicine
~A practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing diseases and promoting health
-Ethnomedicine
~Local (traditional) systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values, unique strategies for identifying and treating disease, and experiences of health, illness, and the physical world
Ethnomedicne
-Buddhist system of body and health
-Four elements/Human body
~Earth = Flesh
~Air = Breathe
~Fire = Warmth
~Water = Blood
-Maintaining Balance
~Imbalance can cause illness
*Past behaviors can cause disease
**“Karma Masters”
*Emotions can cause illness/disease
~Interactions with the environment
