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Introduction to Psychology > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non-judgemental and accepting manner

A

Mindfulness Meditation

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2
Q

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

A

Learning

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3
Q

A change in behavior caused by witnessing others’ performance

A

Observation Learning

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4
Q

A change in behavior caused by linking two events together

A

Associative Learning

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5
Q

Two types of Associative Learning

A

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

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6
Q

Associating two stimuli to anticipate an event (today)

A

Classical Conditioning

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7
Q

Associating our behavior to its consequences (Next time)

A

Operant Conditioning

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8
Q

Learning by watching others and modeling, and is done by many animals

A

Observational Learning

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9
Q

Mimicking a specific observed behavior

A

Modeling

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10
Q

Neurons in the frontal lobe that are active when we do something, or see others do something. (Why yawning is contagious)

A

Mirror Neuron

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11
Q

Associated with Albert Bandura

A

Social Learning Theory

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12
Q

Learn via rewards/punishments, or observation

A

Social Learning Theory

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13
Q

Social Learning Theory stages:

A

Acquisition: Learning the behavior
Attention: Pay attention to behaviors and consequences
Retain: Remember the behavior

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14
Q

Formed when we repeat behaviors in a given context

A

Habits

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15
Q

How do habits form?

A

Behavior becomes linked with context. Context evokes habit response.

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16
Q

On average, behaviors become habitual after how many days?

A

66 days

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17
Q

Naturally connecting events that occur in sequence

A

Association

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18
Q

Any event or situation that evokes a response

A

Stimulus (or Stimuli)

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19
Q

Automatic response to stimuli we don’t control

A

Respondent Behavior

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20
Q

Repeating acts followed by good results, and avoiding acts followed by bad results

A

Operant Behavior

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21
Q

Classical and Operant Conditioning often ________.

A

Occur together

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22
Q

Acquiring mental information that guides our behavior

A

Cognitive Learning

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23
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning is another name for _______.

A

Classical Conditioning

24
Q

The study of how organisms respond to stimuli in their environment. The idea that Psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior without reference to mental processes.

A

Behaviorism

25
Q

In Classical Conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

A

Neutral Stimuli (NS)

26
Q

In Classical Conditioning: A stimuli that naturally, and automatically, triggers an unconditioned response.

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

27
Q

In Classical Conditioning: An unlearned, naturally occurring, response to an unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned Response (UR)

28
Q

In Classical Conditioning: A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

A

Conditioned Response

29
Q

In Classical Conditioning: An originally neutral stimuli that, after association with an unconditioned stimuli, comes to trigger a conditioned response

A

Conditioned Stimulus

30
Q

In Classical Conditioning: The initial learning, where the neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditional stimulus so the neutral stimulus begins to trigger the conditioned response

A

Acquisition

31
Q

In Operant Conditioning: The strengthening of a reinforced response.

A

Acquisition

32
Q

Biologically adaptive because it helps humans, and other animals, prepare for good and bad events

A

Classical Conditioning

33
Q

Helps animals survive and reproduce - by responding to cues that help gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring

A

Conditioning

34
Q

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

A

Higher-Order Conditioning (Second-Order Conditioning)

35
Q

Example:
-A speaker plays noise before food is given to the cat.
-The cat learns to associate the noise with food, and begins to go to the food bowl when it hears the noise.
-A light turns on before the speaker plays the noise.
-The cat begins to associate the light with the noise, and the noise with the food.
-The cat starts to associate the light with food, even without the noise.

A

Higher-Order Conditioning (Second-Order Conditioning)

36
Q

The diminished response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus.

A

Extinction

37
Q

The reappearance of a (weakened) conditional response after extinction.

A

Spontaneous Recovery

38
Q

Suggests extinction was suppressing conditioned response instead of eliminating it

A

Spontaneous Recovery

39
Q

The tendency to respond to a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

A

Generalization (Stimulus Generalization)

40
Q

In Classical Conditioning: The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimulus

A

Discrimination

41
Q

Virtually all living organisms learn through _________.

A

Classical Conditioning

42
Q

Pavlov showed us how a process, such as ______, can be studied ________.

A

Learning
Objectively

43
Q

When we reward behaviors that are successfully closer to desired end behavior

A

Shaping

44
Q

Increasing behaviors by adding positive stimuli

A

Positive Reinforcement

45
Q

Increasing behaviors by removing negative stimuli

A

Negative Reinforcement

46
Q

Person associated with Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner

47
Q

Types of Reinforcement Timing

A

Immediate: Can work for humans and animals
Delayed: Can work for humans, but not animals (paychecks, final grades)

48
Q

Types of Reinforcement Schedules

A

Continuous Reinforcement: Rewards appear every time behavior occurs
Partial Reinforcement: Reward appears only sometimes when behavior occurs

49
Q

Learning occurs more quickly, but so does extinction

A

Continuous Reinforcement

50
Q

Learning occurs more slowly, but learned skills are much more resistant to extinction

A

Partial Reinforcement

51
Q

Types of Partial Reinforcement

A

Fixed Ratio Schedule
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Fixed Interval Schedule
Variable-Interval Schedule

52
Q

Behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses

A

Fixed Ratio Schedule

53
Q

A rewards card where you get a free item after 10 purchases is an example of what?

A

Fixed Ratio Schedule

54
Q

Behavior is Reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

A

Variable-Ratio Schedule

55
Q

Slot Machines are an example of what?

A

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Introduction to Psychology (2 decks)

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