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Introduction to Psychology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific study of behavior & mental process

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Anything you do

A

Behavior

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3
Q

A way to ask questions & find answers

A

Mental Process

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4
Q

Psychology ______________.

A

Emerged from philosophy & biology

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5
Q

Three levels of analysis (a.k.a Biopsychology)

A

Bio: Genes/genetic expression
Psycho: Individual differences based on learning, fears, personality, etc.
Social (Cultural): Effect of the social/setting/cultural makeup

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6
Q

Feeling as if you always knew the answer after finding out the answer.

A

Hindsight Bias

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7
Q

What are the three goals?

A

Describe behaviors
Predict behaviors
Explain cause of behaviors

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8
Q

More abstract

A

Conceptual

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9
Q

More Concrete

A

Operational

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10
Q

Types of descriptive methods

A

Case Study
Naturalistic Observation
Survey

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11
Q

Studies one person in depth to generalize others

A

Case Study

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12
Q

Watching and recording behaviors as they occur in habitat

A

Naturalistic Observation

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13
Q

Many people self report on their own attributes and behaviors

A

Survey

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14
Q

Systematically measuring relationship between two or more varriables

A

Correlation

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15
Q

Ranges from -1 to 1, and the closer to |1| the stronger

A

Correlation Coefficient

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16
Q

Types of correlation

A

Possitive
Negative
None

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17
Q

As one variable goes up the other goes up

A

Possitive Correlation

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18
Q

As one variable goes up the other goes down

A

Negative Correlation

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19
Q

No systematic relationship between variables

A

No Correlation (None)

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20
Q

Three possible correlation pathways

A

A causes B
B causes A
A and B are caused by C

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21
Q

Method where one variable is manipulated to see the effects on another

A

Experiment

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22
Q

Aspects of the experimental method

A

Independent Variable
Experimental Condition
Control Condition
Dependant Variable
Random Assignment

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23
Q

What the researcher changes or manipulates

A

Independent Variable (IV)

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24
Q

Where participants are exposed to the “treatment”

A

Experimental Condition

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25
Q

Where participants are not exposed to the “treatment”

A

Control Condition

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26
Q

What is being measured, assesses possible changes based on the IV

A

Dependent Variable (DV)

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27
Q

How participants are distributed into groups

A

Random Assignment

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28
Q

The average of all observations

A

Mean

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29
Q

The central most observation

A

Median

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30
Q

The most common observation

A

Mode

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31
Q

What makes up the Central Tendency

A

Mean
Median
Mode

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32
Q

The difference between highest and lowest scores (subtraction)

A

Range

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33
Q

How far the scores vary from the mean

A

Standard Deviation

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34
Q

Variability

A

Range
Standard Deviation

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35
Q

The amount of individual variability within a group due to genes

A

Heritability

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36
Q

Useful due to genetic and/or environmental similarities

A

Twin Studies

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37
Q

How do you see the effect of genes if environment is the same?

A

Compare identical and fraternal twins

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38
Q

How do you see the effect of environment keeping genes the same?

A

Compare identical twins and separated twins

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39
Q

Relatively stable pattern of emotional responding and intensity

A

Temperament

40
Q

Every non-genetic influence starting at conseption

A

Enviroment

41
Q

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people, and transmitted from one generation to the next.

A

Culture

42
Q

An understood rule for accepted and expected behaviors

A

Norms

43
Q

Priority given to our own goals (vs. group goals) and definition of the self in terms of personal attributes (vs. group memberships)

A

Individualism

44
Q

Priority given to group goals (vs. personal goals) and definition of the self is in terms of group memberships (vs. personal attributes)

A

Collectivism

45
Q

A set of societally agreed upon characteristics that are associated with categories of masculinity and feminity

A

Gender

46
Q

The biological makeup of an organism

A

Sex

47
Q

Expectations about the social position and activities of those who are masculine and femmine

A

Gender Roles

48
Q

Articulates what “ought” to be

A

Prescriptive Gender Role

49
Q

Describes how things are

A

Descriptive Gender Role

50
Q

Our behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments, and is molded after others in our enviroment

A

Social Learning Theory

51
Q

Gaining a traditionally gendered (masculine or femmine) role

A

Gender-typing

52
Q

Studies the link between biology and behavior

A

Biological Psychology

53
Q

Nerve cells that make up the nervous system

A

Neuron

54
Q

Gives the brain information from body/world

A

Sensory

55
Q

Helps us move

A

Motor

56
Q

Messengers for the brain

A

Interneuron

57
Q

Chemical messengers that go from one neuron to the next

A

Neurotransmitters

58
Q

The body’s communication network

A

Nervous System

59
Q

Neurons must _______ before passing information

A

Reach Threshold

60
Q

EXAMPLE:
Sodium in/Potassium out

A

Sequential Depolarization

61
Q

Incredibly small space between an Axon terminal and another neuron’s dendrites

A

Synapse

62
Q

_____ Sends info through the ______ via _______

A

Neurons
Synaptic Gap
Neurotransmitters

63
Q

Neuron Demonstration

A

Dendrites receive a signal (takes on possitive charge (Depolarization))
Transmits information down the Axson/a positive charge charge is released in sequentially
Neurotransmitters cross the synapse gap to beging process in another neuron

64
Q

Brain and Spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

65
Q

Sensory and motor system in the rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System

66
Q

Somatic

A

Controls voluntary movements
-Sensory and motor inputs

67
Q

Automatic

A

Controls non-voluntary (or automatic) processes (eg. Digestions and reflexes)
-Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

68
Q

Arouses the body

A

Sympathetic

69
Q

Calms the body

A

Parasympathetic

70
Q

The Somatic and Automatic systems

A

Peripheral Nervous System

71
Q

Lateralization

A

Brain controls opposite halves of the body

72
Q

Old Brain

A

Reticular Formation
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Thalamus

73
Q

Bundle of neurons that help transmit info, and is involved in sleep and paying attention

A

Reticular Formation

74
Q

Involved in breathing and heartbeat

A

Medulla

75
Q

Involved in coordination of movement

A

Pons

76
Q

Also known as “Little brain”
Does many things including: Judging passage of time, aids in learning and memory, helps moderate emotions, and helps discriminate between sensory input

A

Cerebellum

77
Q

Also known as the “Sensory Switchboard”
Principally sensory, and relays sensory messages from the brain to the body (eg. Move your hand when you touch something hot)

A

Thalamus

78
Q

Lobes and Areas

A

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area

79
Q

Seat of Consciousness. Deals with logic and consequences. Doesn’t fully mature until mid-20’s

A

Frontal Lobe

80
Q

Lobe involved in sensation

A

Parietal Lobe

81
Q

Helps with hearing

A

Temporal Lobe

82
Q

Almost exclusively about vision

A

Occipital Lobe

83
Q

Production of speech/saying words

A

Broca’s Area

84
Q

Comprehension of speech

A

Wernicke’s Area

85
Q

The Cortex and Brain Functions

A

Primary Olfactory Cortex: Smell
Primary Visual Cortex: Vision
Primary Audio Cortex: Hearing
Primary Gustatory Cortex: Taste
Primary motor Cortex: Touch, but movement related
Primary Somatosensory Cortex: Touch, but sensory related. Mostly associated with highly nerve dense areas (finger tips, lips, etc.)

86
Q

Limbic System

A

Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland

87
Q

Linked to eating, drinking, and sex (rewards and punishments)

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

Memory

A

Hippocampus

89
Q

Emotions and face regulation

A

Amygdala

90
Q

Hormones (in charge of all glands)

A

Pituitary Gland

91
Q

Ways to measure the brain

A

EEG (Electroencephalogram)
MRI & fMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

92
Q

Measures electrical activity in the brain

A

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

93
Q

Accurate for time, but not location (in humans)

A

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

94
Q

Images of blood flow in brain

A

MRI & fMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

95
Q

Accurate for location, but not for time

A

MRI & fMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Introduction to Psychology (2 decks)

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