Section 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
A
Acquisition
2
Q
Form of learning that involved connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
A
Associative Learning
3
Q
Learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
A
Classical Conditioning
4
Q
Mental picture of the layout of the environment
A
Cognitive Map
5
Q
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
A
Conditioned Response (CR)
6
Q
Stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
A
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
7
Q
Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
A
Continuous Reinforcement
8
Q
Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
A
Extinction
9
Q
Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
A
Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule
10
Q
Set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
A
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
11
Q
Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
A
Higher-Order Conditioning (Second Order Conditioning)
12
Q
Unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior, instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in human
A
Instinct
13
Q
Learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
A
Latent Learning
14
Q
Behavior that is follow by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
A
Law of Effect
15
Q
Change in behavior of knowledge that is the result of experience
A
Learning
16
Q
Person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
A
Model
17
Q
Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
A
Negative Punishment
18
Q
Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
A
Negative Reinforcement
19
Q
Stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
A
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
20
Q
Type of learning that occurs by watching others
A
Observational Learning
21
Q
Form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
A
Operant Conditioning
22
Q
Rewarding behavior only some of the time
A
Partial Reinforcement
23
Q
Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease behavior
A
Positive Punishment
24
Q
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
A
Positive Reinforcement
25
Has innate reinforcing qualities (ex: food, water, shelter, sex)
Primary Reinforcer
26
Implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
Punishment
27
Staunch form of behaviorism developed by B.F Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations
Radical Behaviorsim
28
Unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
Reflex
29
Had no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (ex: money, gold stars, poker chips)
Secondary Reinforcer
30
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
Shaping
31
Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous Recovery
32
Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
Stimulus Discrimination
33
Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
34
Natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
35
Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
36
Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amount of time have passed
Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule
37
Number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
38
Process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
Vicarious Punishment
39
Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
Vicarious Reinforcement
40
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
Algorithm
41
Aligned with academic problem solving and computations
Analytical Intelligence
42
Faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
Anchoring Bias
43
Concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
Artificial Concept
44
Faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
Availability Heuristic
45
Thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgement, and memory
Cognition
46
Field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
Cognitive Psychology
47
Set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema
Cognitive Script
48
Category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
Concept
49
Faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
Confirmation Bias
50
Providing correct or established answers to problems
Convergent Thinking
51
Ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
Creative Intelligence
52
Ability to generate, create, or discover, new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
Creativity
53
Characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
Crystallized Intelligence
54
Ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
Cultural Intelligence
55
Ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
Divergent Thinking
56
Learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics
Dyscalculia
57
Learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legible
Dysgraphia
58
Common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by ht brain
Dyslexia
59
Ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
Emotional Intelligence
60
Set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script
Event Schema
61
Ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Fluid Intelligence
62
Observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
Flynn Effect
63
Inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended
Functional Fixedness
64
Set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon
Grammar
65
Mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
Heuristic
66
Belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't
Hindsight Bias
67
Score on a test designed to measure intelligence
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
68
Communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
Language
69
The words of a given language
Lexicon
70
Continually using an old solution to a problem without results
Mental Set
71
Smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
Morpheme
72
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least 8 types of intelligence
Multiple Intelligences Theory
73
Mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences
Natural Concept
74
Administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its group
Norming
75
Extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
Overgeneralization
76
Basic sound unit of a given language
Phoneme
77
aka "street smarts"
Practical Intelligence
78
Method for solving problems
Problem-Solving Strategy
79
Best representation of a concept
Prototype
80
Each person's response to the environment is unique based on their genetic makeup
Range of Reaction
81
Faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
Representative Bias
82
Subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
Representative Sample
83
Set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
Representative Sample
84
Mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
Schema
85
Process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
Semantics
86
Measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
Standard Deviation
87
Method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
Standardization
88
Manner by which words are organized into sentences
Syntax
89
Problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
Trial and Error
90
Three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, analytical
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg's Theory of Intelligence)
91
Heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
Working Backwards
92
Lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
Absentmindedness
93
Input of sounds, words, and music
Acoustic Encoding
94
Loss of long-term memory that occurs as a result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
Amnesia
95
Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
Anterograde Amnesia
96
Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
Arousal Theory
97
Memory model that states we process information through three system: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
98
Encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning go words
Automatic Processing
99
How feelings and views of the world distort memory of past events
Bias
100
Memory error in which you cannot access stored information
Blocking
101
Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
Chunking
102
Formulation of new memories
Construction
103
Type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
Declarative Memory
104
Encoding of information that takes effort and attention
Effortful Processing
105
Thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative Rehearsal
106
Input of information into the memory system
Encoding
107
Physical trace of memory
Engram
108
Type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced
Episodic Memory (Autobiographical Memory)
109
Some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
Equipotentiality Hypothesis
110
Memories we consciously try to remember and recall
Explicit Memory
111
Recall of false autobiographical memories
False Memory Syndrome
112
Exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Flashbulb Memory
113
Loss of information from long-term memory
Forgetting
114
Memories that are not part of our consciousness
Implicit Memories
115
Information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
Levels of Processing
116
Continuous storage of information
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
117
Set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Memory
118
Technique to help make sure information goes from short-term to long-term memory
Memory-Enhancing Strategy
119
Memory error in which you confused the source of your information
Misattribution
120
After exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event
Misinformation Effect Paradigm
121
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding
Mnemonic Device
122
Failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
Persistance
123
Old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
Proactive Interference
124
Type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
Procedural Memory
125
Accessing information without cues
Recall
126
Identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
Recognition
127
Process of brining up old memories that might be distorted by new information
Reconstruction
128
Repetition of information to be remembered
Rehearsal
129
Learning information that was previously learning
Relearning
130
Act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Retrieval
131
Information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
Retroactive Interference
132
Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
133
Tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
Self-Reference Effect
134
Input of words and their meaning
Semantic Encoding
135
Type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Semantic Memory
136
Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
Sensory Memory
137
Holds about 7 bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
Short-Term Memory (STM)
138
Creation of a permanent record of information
Storage
139
Effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
Suggestibility
140
Memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
Transience
141
Input of images
Visual Encoding
