Section 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Professional organization representing psychologists in the United States
A
American Psychological Association (APA)
2
Q
Focus on observing and controlling behavior
A
Behaviorism
3
Q
Study of how biology influences behavior
A
Biopsychology
4
Q
Perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual’s health
A
Biopsychosocial Model
5
Q
Area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
A
Clinical Psychology
6
Q
Study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions
A
Cognitive Psychology
7
Q
Area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
A
Counseling Psychology
8
Q
Scientific study of development across a lifespan
A
Developmental psychology
9
Q
Long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate’s doctoral training
A
Dissertation
10
Q
Method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or pervious authorities
A
Empirical Method
11
Q
Area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
A
Forensic Psychology
12
Q
Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
A
Functionalism
13
Q
Perspective within psychology that examines the potential for good that is innate to all humans
A
Humanism
14
Q
Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
A
Introspection
15
Q
Suffix that denotes “scientific study”
A
Ology
16
Q
Study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
A
Personality Psychology
17
Q
Consistent pattern of thought and behavior
A
Personality Trait
18
Q
(Doctor of Philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
A
PhD
19
Q
Allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
A
Postdoctoral Training Program
20
Q
Focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
A
Psychoanalytic Theory
21
Q
Scientific study of the mind and behavior
A
Psychology
22
Q
(Doctor of Psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
A
PsyD
23
Q
Area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
A
Sport and Exercise Psychology
24
Q
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection
A
Structuralism
25
Method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
Archival Research
26
Reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
Attrition
27
Changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
Cause and Effect Relationship
28
Observational research study focusing on one or a few people
Clinical or Case Study
29
Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
Confirmation Bias
30
Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
Confounding Variable
31
Serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study - by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
Control Group
32
Relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
Correlation
33
Number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
Correlation Coefficient
34
Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
Cross-Sectional Research
35
When an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
Debriefing
36
Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
Deception
37
Results are predicted based on a general premise
Deductive Reasoning
38
Variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
Dependent Variable
39
Experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
Double-Blind Study
40
Grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
Empirical
41
Group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
Experimental Group
42
Researcher expectations skew the results of the study
Experimenter Bias
43
Objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
Fact
44
Able to be disproven by experimental results
Falsifiable
45
Inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
Generalize
46
Tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Hypothesis
47
Seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
Illusory Correlation
48
Variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
Independent Variable
49
Conclusions are drawn from observations
Inductive Reasoning
50
Process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
Informed Consent
51
Committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
52
Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
53
Measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
Inter-Rater Reliability
54
Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over and extended period of time
Longitudinal Research
55
Observation of behavior in its natural setting
Naturalistic Observation
56
Two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller (not the same as no correlation)
Negative Correlation
57
When observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
Observer Bias
58
Description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
Operational Definition
59
Personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
Opinion
60
Subjects of psychological research
Participants
61
Article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
62
People's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Placebo Effect
63
Overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
Population
64
Two variables change in the same direction, both becoming larger or smaller
Positive Correlation
65
Method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
Random Assignment
66
Subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Random Sample
67
Consistency and reproducibility of a given result
Reliability
68
Repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability
Replicate
69
Subset of individuals selected from a larger population
Sample
70
Experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
Single-Blind Study
71
Determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
Statistical Analysis
72
List of questions to be answered by research participants - given as paper-and pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally - allowing researchers to collect data from a larger number of people
Survery
73
Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Theory
74
Accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
Validity
75
Electrical Signal that moves down the neuron's axon
Action Potential
76
Sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response
Adrenal Gland
77
Drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter
Agonist
78
Phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient tor insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation
All or None
79
Specific version of a gene
Allele
80
Structure in the limbic system involved in our experiences of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories
Amygdala
81
Drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter
Antagonist
82
Strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information
Auditory Cortex
83
Controls our internal organs and glands
Autonomic Nervous System
84
Major extension of the soma
Axon
85
View that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems
Biological Perspective
86
Region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production
Broca's Area
87
Brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
88
Hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory
Cerebellum
89
Surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities
Cerebral Cortex
90
Long strand of genetic information
Chromosome
91
Imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area
Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
92
Thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
93
Branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons
Dendrite
94
Helix-shapes molecule made of nucleotide base pairs
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
95
Disease related to insufficient insulin production
Diabetes
96
Allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele
Dominant Allele
97
Recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp
Electroencephalography (EEG)
98
Series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones
Endocrine System
99
Study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes
Epigenetics
100
Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fall off a given threat or run away to safety
Fight or Flight Response
101
Largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures
Forebrain
102
Twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies the same as in non-twin siblings
Fraternal Twins
103
Part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex; executive functions
Frontal Lobe
104
MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
105
Sequence of DNA that controls physical characteristics
Gene
106
View of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes
Genetic Environmental Correlation
107
Genetic makeup of an individual
Genotype
108
Nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport
Glial Cell
109
Secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior
Gonad
110
Bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex
Gyrus
111
Left or right half of the brain
Hemisphere
112
Consisting of two different alleles
Heterozygous
113
Division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
Hindbrain
114
Structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory
Hippocampus
115
State of equilibrium - biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels
Homeostasis
116
Consisting of two identical alleles
Homozygous
117
Chemical messenger released by endocrine glands
Hormone
118
Forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
119
Twins that develop from the same sperm and egg
Identical Twins
120
Concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions
Lateralization
121
Collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory
Limbic System
122
Deep groove in the brain's cortex
Longitudinal Fissure
123
Magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
124
Hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
Medulla
125
Difference in charge across the neuronal membrane
Membrane Potential
126
Division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation; relay point for sensory info
Midbrain
127
Strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement
Motor Cortex
128
Sudden, permanent change in a gene
Mutation
129
Fatty substance that insulates axons
Myelin Sheath
130
Cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system
Neuron
131
Nervous system's ability to change
Neuroplasticity
132
Chemical messenger of the nervous system
Neurotransmitter
133
Open spaces that are found in the myelin sheath that encases the axon
Node of Ranvier
134
Part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex
Occipital Lobe
135
Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar
Pancreas
136
Associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body
Parasympathetic Nervous System
137
Part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex
Parietal Lobe
138
Connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs, and sense in the periphery of the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
139
Individual's inheritable physical characteristics
Phenotype
140
Secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system
Pituitary Gland
141
Multiple genes affecting a given trait
Polygenic
142
Hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep
Pons
143
Involves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
144
Area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning
Prefrontal Cortex
145
Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
Psychotropic Medication
146
Asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall
Range of Reaction
147
Protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach
Receptor
148
Allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele
Recessive Allele
149
The state of readiness of a neuron membrane's potential between signals
Resting Potential
150
Midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity
Reticular Formation
151
Neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it
Reuptake
152
Cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules
Semipermeable Membrane
153
Cell Body
Soma
154
Relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS
Somatic Nervous System
155
Essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain
Somatosensory Cortex
156
Midbrain structure where dopamine is produced ; involved in control of movement
Substantia Nigra
157
Depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex
Sulcus
158
Involved in stress-related activities and functions
Sympathetic Nervous System
159
Small gap between two neurons where communication occurs
Synaptic Cleft
160
Storage site for neurotransmitters
Synaptic Vesicle
161
Part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex
Temporal Lobe
162
Axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles
Terminal Button
163
Sensory relay for the brain; attentional filtering
Thalamus
164
States that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
165
Level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active
Threshold of Excitation
166
Secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite
Thyroid
167
Midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; associated with mood, reward, and addiction
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
168
Important for speech comprehension
Wernicke's Area
169
Minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time
Absolute Threshold
170
Continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus
Afterimage
171
Height of a wave
Amplitude
172
Thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system
Basilar Membrane
173
Two-eared cue to localize sound
Binaural Cue
174
Cue that relies on the use of both eyes
Binocular Cue
175
Slightly different view of the world that each eye receives
Binocular Disparity
176
Point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field
Blind Spot
177
System in which perceptions are built from sensory input
Bottom-Up Processing
178
Organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts
Closure
179
Fluid-filled, snail-shapes structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system
Cochlea
180
Electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain
Cochlear Implant
181
Failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles
Conductive Hearing Loss
182
Specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color
Cone
183
Deafness from birth
Congenital Deafness
184
Genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (Congenital Analgesia)
185
Transparent covering over the eye
Cornea
186
Partial or complete inability to hear
Deafness
187
Logarithmic unit of sound intensity
Decible (dB)
188
Ability to perceive depth
Depth Perception
189
All the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment
Electromagnetic Spectrum
190
Segmenting our visual world into figure and ground
Figure-Ground Relationship
191
Small indentation in the retina that contains cones
Fovea
192
Number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period
Frequency
193
Field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
Gestalt Psychology
194
We are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines
Good Continuation (Continuity)
195
Auditory receptor cell of the inner ear
Hair Cell
196
Cycles per second; measure of frequency
Hertz (Hz)
197
Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention
Inattentional Blindness
198
Middle ear ossicle; also known as anvil
Incus
199
Signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred
Inflammatory Pain
200
Sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head
Interaural Level Difference
201
Small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
Interaural Timing Difference
202
Colored portion of the eye
Iris
203
Difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli
Just Noticeable Difference
204
Perception of the body's movements through space
Kinesthesia
205
Curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye
Lens
206
Perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge
Linear Perspective
207
Middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer
Malleus
208
Touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower-frequency vibrations
Meissner's Corpuscle
209
Results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear
Ménière's Disease
210
Touch receptor that responds to light touch
Merkel's Disk
211
One-eared cue to localize sound
Monaural Cue
212
Cue that requires only one eye
Monocular Cue
213
Pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system
Neuropathic Pain
214
Sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
Nociception
215
Bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin
Olfactory Bulb
216
Sensory cell for the olfactory system
Olfactory Receptor
217
Color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Perception
218
X-shapes structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface; represents the merging go the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain
Optic Chiasm
219
Carries visual information from the retina to the brain
Optic Nerve
220
Touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations
Pacinian Corpuscle
221
Ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes
Pattern Perceptions
222
Highest point of a wave
Peak (Crest)
223
Way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
Perception
224
Educated guess used to interpret sensory information
Perceptual Hypothesis
225
Chemical message sent by another individual
Pheromone
226
Light-detecting cell
Photoreceptor
227
Visible part of the inner ear that protrudes from the head
Pinna
228
Perception of a sound's frequency
Pitch
229
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies (high frequencies)
Place Theory of Pitch Perception
230
Organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts
Principle of Closure
231
Perception of body position
Proprioception
232
Things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
Proximity
233
Small opening in the eye through which light passes
Pupil
234
Light-sensitive lining of the eye
Retina
235
Specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions
Rod
236
Touch receptor that detects stretch
Ruffini Corpuscle
237
What happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
Sensations
238
Failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
239
Not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
Sensory Adaptation
240
Change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state
Signal Detection Theory
241
Things that are alike tend to be grouped together
Similarity
242
Middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup
Stapes
243
Message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness
Subliminal Message
244
Grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud
Taste Bud
245
Sound's frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron (low frequency)
Temporal Theory of Pitch Perception
246
Temperature Perception
Thermoception
247
Sound's Purity
Timbre
248
Interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts
Top-Down Processing
249
Conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential
Transduction
250
Color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones
Trichromatic Theory of Color Perception
251
Lowest point of a wave
Trough
252
Eardrum
Tympanic Membrane
253
Taste for monosodium glutamate (meaty taste)
Umami
254
Spinning sensation
Vertigo
255
Contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture
Vestibular Sense
256
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see
Visible Spectrum
257
Length of a wave from one peak to the next peak
Wavelength
258
any overtly observable action at any level of abstraction
Behavior
259
any covert, unobservable phenomenon that relates the organism to the environment
Mind
260
Wilhelm Wundt
Founded first psychology lab
Introspection
Structuralism
261
Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka
Gestalt Psychology
There are no pieces, just a whole experience
262
Sigmund Frued
Psychoanalysis
Unconscious and childhood experience influences our behavior
263
Ego
Manages superego and id
264
Superego
internalized social conventions, morals
265
Id
constant wants, pleasures
266
William James
Functionalism
267
John Watson
Behaviorism
268
B.F Skinner
Behaviorism
Operant conditioning (rewards and punishment)
Skinner Box
269
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorism
Classical Conditioning
Salivating dog and bell association
270
Noam Chomsky, Herb Simon, George Miller
Cognitive Revolution
Want to know how the mind works (computer)
271
Abraham Maslow
Humanism
Hierarchy of Needs
272
Carl Rogers
Humanism
Client-centered therapy
Therapist must have unconditional positive regard, genuineness, empathy
273
Experiment
Assert Causality
Manipulate IV
Control Groups
274
Correlational Studies
Assess Relationships
Subject variables (info/facts about participants)
Statistical Control (removes initial effects of a variable)
275
Observational Studies
Identify Phenomenon
Measure 1+ DV
Exploratory
No controls
276
NIRS
Light reflects off of tissue
Different tissue colors reflect different light colors
Can measure O2 amount is a specific brain area (shows what area is active)
277
ACh
Muscle action, learning, memory
278
Dopamine
Movement, learning, attention, emotion
279
Serotonin
Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
280
Norepinephrine
Alertness, arousal
281
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter
282
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter, memory
283
Endorphins
Pain, pleasure
284
Repolarization
Rapid outflow of potassium ions
285
Action Potential Begins
Rapid influx of sodium ions
286
Graded Potentials
generated at the dendrites and are conducted along the membrane to the axon hillock
Strength decreases as travel along cell body
287
Sodium-Potassium Pump
3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in
Maintains - charge inside cell
288
Carry the incoming information from the sensory receptors to the CNS
Sensory (Afferent)
289
Carry the outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands
Motor (Efferent)
290
Link one area of the CNS to another
Projection
291
Local connections connect the two neurons
Interneurons
292
dorsal
in
293
ventral
out
294
Comprehension but limited production
Broca's Aphasia
295
Poor comprehension, incoherent speech
Wernicke's Aphasia
296
Vision, hearing, orientation; in midbrain
Tectum
297
Movement, arousal, homeostasis; in midbrain
Tegmentum
298
Relay station for visual information
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
299
The "what stream" - object recognition, meaning; in temporal lobe
Ventral Stream
300
the "where and how" stream, spatial awareness and perception; in parietal lobe
Dorsal Stream
301
Vision Path
Optic nerve, chiasm, LGN, primary visual cortex
302
pre-processing of visual stimulus; orientation; contrast; motion; edges
V1
303
Orientation
V2
304
Form
V3
305
Color
V4
306
Global motion, projects to parietal lobe
V5
307
The "actual" object in the environment
Distal stimulus
308
the pattern of energy impinging on an observer's sensory receptors
Proximal Stimulus
309
Detection, difference, scaling
Psychophysics
310
Measurement of a physical stimulus and the corresponding perceptual state
Energy to Sensation
311
Change in intensity/standard intensity= JND for specific modality
allows for comparison across sensory modalities
Lower JND = higher perceptual sensitivity
Weber's Law
312
Outer Ear
Pinna, Auditory Canal
313
Middle Ear
Eardrum, Ossicles, Eustachian Tube
314
Inner Ear
Oval window, cochlea, semicircular canals
315
Delta I / I = K
Weber's Law Equation
316
Relationship between stimulus magnitude and subjective psychological experience is logarithmic
Magnitude estimation (100 as baseline)
Breaks down at extremes
Steven's Power Law
317
S=K(I)^b
Steven's Power Law Equation
318
Collection
Outer Ear
319
Transmission
Middle Ear
320
Transduction
Inner Ear
321
Auditory Pathway
Auditory nerve -> medula -> thalamus -> temporal lobe
322
Indirectly alter activity of another neurotransmitter
Neuromodulator
323
movement and judgements that require minimal conscious though; low level/automatic
Basal Ganglia
