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Digestion > Section 1A > Flashcards

Section 1A Flashcards

0
Q

Peristalsis is dependent on what type of contractions?

A

on involuntary contractions of smooth muscle

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1
Q

Describe how Peristalsis works

A

It propels contents forward through the GI tract at varying speeds

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2
Q

How does Segmentation work?

A

It promotes mechanical digestion of food. It takes large pieces of food and breaks it into smaller pieces

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3
Q

How does segmentation facilitate absorption?

A

By exposing all portions of the intestinal contents to the absorbing surfaces of the GI tract

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4
Q

What type of contractions is segmentation dependent on?

A

Involuntary contractions of smooth muscle

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of segmentation motility?

A

Regularly spaced
Isolated
Irregularly spaced
Weak regularly spaced

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6
Q

What are the two basic functions of the GI tract?

A
  1. Separate food into essential nutrients and unnecessary waste
  2. Absorb the essential nutrients while getting rid of the waste
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7
Q

Relaxation of sphincters is mediated by what?

A

Reflexes

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8
Q

Name the 6 sphincters within the Gi tract

A 
Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
Pyloric Sphincter
Ileocecal Sphincter
Internal Anal Sphincter
External Anal Sphincter
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9
Q

What is the sphincter that controls movement of things Into the GI Tract?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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10
Q

What does the Sphincter of Oddi do?

A

Regulates movement of contents of the common bile duct into the duodenum

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11
Q

Sphincters are dependent on what type of contractions?

A

Involuntary contractions of smooth muscle

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12
Q

How do sphincters function to be a mode of motility

A

Tonic contractions of sphincters with intermittant relaxation serve to regulate movement of luminal contents

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13
Q

What are the 3 basic types of motility?

A
  1. Propulsive movements or PERISTALSIS
  2. Mixing movements or SEGMENTATION
  3. TONIC CONTRACTIONS of sphincters or valves
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14
Q

What are the two things in the GI tract under voluntary control?

A
  1. At the mouth through the early portion of the esophagus (including the UES), chewing muscles, swallowing, etc.
  2. At the external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
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15
Q

What three acts of the GI tract have voluntary components involving skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Chewing
  2. Swallowing
  3. Defecation
16
Q

How much of the following is made of each per day:

Saliva, Gastric Juice, Bile, Pancreatic juice, Intestinal secretions, Mucus

A 
Saliva: 1.5 L
Gastric Juice: 2.5 L
Bile: 0.5 L
Pancreatic Juice: 1.5 L
Intestinal Secretions: 1.0 L
Mucus: 2.0 L
17
Q

Define Digestion:

A

Breakdown process whereby the structurally complex foodstuffs of the diet are converted into smaller absorbable units

18
Q

What two ways can digestion occur and by what means?

A

Mechanically –> aforementioned motility

Chemically –> Enzymes

19
Q

The enzymes for chemical digestion come from where?

A

Pancreas and Stomach

20
Q

Where does digestion mainly occur?

A

In the small intestine and stomach

21
Q

Absorption solves what two problems?

A
  1. How to reclaim the enormous volume of fluid (approx. 9.0 L)
  2. How to recognize specific nutrients, vitamins, electrolytes and to absorb them effectively and efficiently.
22
Q

Approximately how much of the daily input of fluid ends up in stool daily?

A

100 mL

23
Q

What four mechanisms has the GI tract developed to carry out its functions?

A
  1. Motility
  2. Secretion
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
24
Q

Name the 4 basic quadrants

A
  1. Right Upper Quadrant
  2. Left Upper Quadrant
  3. Right Lower Quadrant
  4. Left Lower Quadrant
25
Q

Below the diaphragm, the GI organs reside in what cavity?

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

26
Q

What is the Peritoneum?

A

A slick serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

27
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

It covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum

28
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

It lines the walls the Abdominopelvic cavity

29
Q

T or F, Peritoneal fluid secreted by the two membranes

A

True

30
Q

What does the peritoneal fluid do?

A

The serous fluid lubricates the mobile digestive organs allowing them to glide easily across one another as they carry out their activities.

31
Q

What is peritonitis? What 3 things can cause it?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, may occur when one:

1) suffers a piercing wound of the abdomen
2) a perforating ulcer
3) a ruptured appendix

32
Q

What is Ascites?

A

The condition characterized by the accumulation of peritoneal fluid

33
Q

What are the peritoneal folds?

A

Located in the peritoneum. They are large folds that weave between the viscera. They are unlike pericardium and pleurae which smoothly cover the heart and lungs

34
Q

What is the example of a peritoneal fold?

A

Greater Omentum which hangs loosely from the transverse colon and small intestine.

35
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Another example of a peritoneal fold which is found in between the small intestine and anchors it to the posterior abdominal wall.

36
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A 
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Biliary System (Gallbladder & Liver)
37
Q

Smooth muscle in GI tract walls maintain constant low level of contractions known as what?

A

Tone

38
Q

Tone is important for what 2 things?

A
  1. Maintaining a steady pressure on the contents of the GI tract
  2. Preventing walls from remaining permanently stretched following distention.

Digestion (15 decks)

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