Section 1.1 Systemic Anatomy & Physiology Key Terms Flashcards
1
Q
abdominal aorta
A
the part of the descending aorta that supplies structures below the diaphragm
2
Q
acetylcholine
A
a neurotransmitter that stimulates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, at the motor endplates of skeletal muscle, & in the central nervous system as well as muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle, in exocrine glands, & in the central nervous system
3
Q
acidosis
A
a pathologic state characterized by an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the arterial blood below the normal range of pH 7.36 to 7.45
4
Q
actin filamnet
A
one of the contractile elements in muscular fibers & other cells
5
Q
action potential
A
the change in membrane potential occuring in nerve, muscle, or other excitable tissue when excitation occurs
6
Q
adenohypophysis
A
the anterior pituitary gland
7
Q
adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP)
A
molecule created when the terminal phosphate is lost from a molecule of adenosine 5’-triphosphate
8
Q
adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)
A
adenosine (5) pyrophosphate; adenosine with triphosphoric acid esterfied at its 5’ position; immediate precursor of adenine nucleotides in RNA. the primary energy currency of a cell.
9
Q
afferent fibers
A
those that convey impulses to a ganglion or to a nerve center in the brain or spinal cord
10
Q
alkalosis
A
a state characterized by a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood below the noraml level, 40 nmol/L, or pH over 7.4
11
Q
anaerobic power
A
moaximal power (work per unit time) developed durin all-out, short-term physical effort; reflects energy out-put capcity of intramuscular high-energy phosphates (ATP & PCr) & anaerobic glycolysis
12
Q
anaerobic respiration
A
a form of respiration in whihc molecular oxygen is not consumed
13
Q
anaerobic threshold
A
a hybrid term to describe the onset of blood lactate accumulation estimated by using either ventilatory measures (ventilatory threshold) o blood lactate measures (lactate threshold)
14
Q
analgesia
A
a neurologic or pharmacological state in whihc painful stimuli are moderated so that, although still preceptible, they are no longer painful
15
Q
anatomic position
A
standing erect, arms at the sides, with palms facing forward
16
Q
antecubital
A
in front of the elbow
17
Q
apnea
A
absence of breathing
18
Q
aponeurosis/aponeuroses
A
a fibrous sheet or fat, expanded tendon, giving attachment to muscular fibers & serving as the means of proximal or distal attachment (origiin or insertion) of a flat muscle
19
Q
apophysis/apophyses
A
an outgrowth or progection, especially one from a bone
20
Q
arteriole
A
a minute artery with a tunica media comprising only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
21
Q
articular cartilage
A
the cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the bones participating in a synovial joint
22
Q
bile
A
the yellowish-brown or greenish fluid secreted by the liver & discharged into the duodenum, where it aids in the emulsification of fats, increases peristalsis, & retards putrefaction
23
Q
bipartite
A
consisting of two parts or divisions
24
Q
broca center
A
the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left or dominant hemisphere, correcsponding approximately to Broadmann area 44; Broca identified this region as an essential component of the motor mechanisms governing articulated speech
25
bursa/bursae
a c;psed sac pr envelope lined with synovial membrane & containing synovial fluid, usually located or formed in areas subject to friction (e.g. over an exposed or prominent part or where a tendon passes over a bone)
26
capillary
(1) resembling a hair; fine; minute (2) relating to a blood or lymphatic capillary vessel
27
caudal
pertaining to the tail
28
cephalad
in a direction toward the head
29
cervical rib
a supernumerary rib articulating with a cervical vertebra, usually the seventh, but not reaching the sternum arteriorly
30
chondroclast
a multinuleated giant cell involved in teh resorption of calcified cartilage,; morphologically identical to osteoblasts
31
chondrocyte
a nondividing cartilage cell; occupies a lacuna within the cartilage matrix
32
chordae tendineae of heart
the tendinous strands running from the papillary muscles to the leaflets of the artrioventricular (mitral & tricupsid) valves. Based on their shape, position, or specific area of attachment to the leaflets, several varieties have been described fan-shaped chordae, rough zone chordae, free-edge chordae, deep chordae, & basal chordae
33
clonus
a form of movement marked by contractions & relaxations of a muscel, occuring in rapid succession seen with, among other conditions, spasticity, & some seizure disorders
34
conjunctiva/conjunctivae
the mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball & the posterior surface of the lids
35
decussate
(1) to cross (2) crossed like the arms of an X
36
deosyribonucleic acid (DNA)
the ype of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose as the sugar component found principally in the nuclei (chromatin, chromosomes) & mitochondria of animal & plant cells, usually loosely bound to protein (hence the term deoxyribonucleoprotein); considered to be the autoreproducing component of chromosome & of many viruses, & the repository of hereditary characteristics
37
diffusion
the random movment of molecules or ions or small particles in solution or suspension toward a uniform destribution throughout the available volume
38
ectomorph
a constitutional body type of build (biotype or somatotype) in which tissues originating from the ectoderm predominate; from a morphologic standpoint, the limbs predominate over the trunk
39
effector
(1) a peripheral tissue that recieves nerve impulses & reacts by contraction (muscle), secretion (gland), or a discharge of electricity (electric organ of certin bony fishes). (2) a small metablolic molecule that, by combining with a repressor gene, depresses the activity of an operon. (3) a small molecule that binds to a protein &, in so doing, alters the activtiy of that protein. (4) a substance, technique, procedure, or individual that causes an effect
40
electrolyte
any compound that, in solution, conducts electricity & is decomposed by it; an ionizable substance in solution
41
endocardium/endocardia
the innermost tunic of the heart, which inlcudes endothelium & subendothelial connective tissue; in the arterial wall, smooth muscle & numberous elastic fibers also occur
42
endogenous
origniating or produced within the organism or one of its parts
43
endomorph
a constitutional body type or build (biotype or somatotype) in whihc tissues that originated in the endoderm prevail; from a morphologic standpoint, the trunk pre dominates over the limbs
44
endomysium
the fine connective tissue sheath surroudning a muscle fiber
45
epimysium
the fibrous connective tissue envelope surrouding a skeletal muscle
46
etiology
the science & study of the causes of disease & their mode of operations
47
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the maximal volume of air (about 100 mL) that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal expiration
48
fascia/fasciae
a sheet of fibrous tissue that envelops the body beneath the skin
49
fascicle
a band or bundle of fibers, usually of muscle or nerve fibers; a nerve fiber tract
50
femoral triangle
a triangular space at the upper part of the thigh, bounded by the sartorius & adductor longus muscles & the inguinal ligament, with a floor formed laterally by the iliopsoas muscle & medially by the pectineus muscle
51
functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration; sum of expiratory reserve volume & residual volume
52
gap junction
intercellular junction formerly considered to be a tight, membrane-to-membrane junction (macula occludens) but now shown to have a 2-nm gap between apposed cell membranes; the gap is not void but contains subunits in the form of polygonal lattices, which are the intercellular aspects of the two connexons that fit together, forming a channel between the cytoplasms of the two cells
53
glucagon
a hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells
54
glucose
a dextrorotatory monosaccharide found in a free form in fruits & other parts of plants, & in combination in glucosides, glycogen, diasaccharides, & polysaccharides (starch cellulose); the chief source of energy in human metabolism, the final product of carbohydrate digestion, & the principal sugar of the blood
55
glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from D-glucose by means of glycogen synthase & dextrin dextranase
56
glycogenolysis
the hydrolysis of glycogen to glycose
57
glycolysis
the energy-yielding conversion of D-glucose of lactic acid (instead of pyruvate oxidation products) in various tissues, notably muscle, when sufficient oxygen is not available (as in an emergency)
58
gustation
(1) the act of tasting (2) the sense of taste
59
gynecomastia/gynecomasty
excessive development of the male mammary glands, due to ductal proliferation with periductal edema, mild gynecomastic may occur in normal adolescents
60
halitosis
foul mouth odor
61
H band
paler area in the center of hte A band of a striated muscle fiber; the central portion of thick filaments overlapped by thin filaments
62
hematopoietic system
the blood-making organs; in the embryo at different ages these are the yolk sac, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, & bone marrow; after birth they are principally the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, & lymph nodes
63
homeostasis
(1) the state of equilibrium (balance between opposing pressures) in the body with respect to various functions & to the chemical compositions of the fluids & tissues (2) the processes through which such bodily equilibrium is maintained
64
hormone
a chemical substance formed in a tissue or organ & carried in the blood; stimulates or inhibits the growth or function of one or more other tissues or organs
65
I band
a light band on each side of the Z line of striated muscle fibers, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin filaments are not overlapped by thick filaments
66
idiopathic
denoting a disease of unknown cause
67
immediate energy system
intramuscular nonaerobic energy system composed of high-energy phosphates ATP-PCr; powers all-out physical effort for up to 6-8 seconds
68
insufficiency
lack of completeness of function or power
69
intrafusal fibers
muscle fibers presnet within a neuromuscular spindle
70
ischemia
local anemia due to mechanical obstruction of blood supply
71
jaundice
(1) a yellowish staining of the integument, sclerae, & deeper tissues & of the excretions with bile pigaments, which are increased in plamsa (2) symptoms of various disorders, including liver disease
72
joint
place of union, usually more or less movable, between two or more bones
73
joint capsule
sac enclosing the articulating ends of the bones participating in a synovial joint, formed by an outer fibrous layer & an inner synovial membrane
74
juxtaposition
a position side by side
75
latent period
duration between application of a stimulus & the response
76
ligament
(1) a band oir sheet of fibrous tissue connecting two or more bones, cartilages, or other structures, oir serving as support for fascias or muscles. (2) a fold of peritoneum supporting any of the abdominal viscera (3) any structure resembling a ligament though not performing the functions of such (4) the cordlike remains of a fetal vessel or other structure that has lost its original lumen
77
limbic system
collective term denoting a heterogenous array of brain structures at or near the edge (limbus) of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere, in particular the hippocampus, amygdala, & fornicate gyrus
78
line of pull
a description of the direction of force exerted by a muscle, depending on the orientation of its fibers, its skeletal attachments, the disposition of its tendon, & the axis of movement of any joints affected
79
lipid
"fat soluble," an operational term describing a solubility characteristic, not a chemical substance
80
lipolysis
the splitting up (hydrolysis), or chemical decomposition, of fat
81
livid
having a black & blue or a leaden or ashy gray color, as in discoloration from a contusion, congestion, or cyanosis
82
long-term memory (LTM)
that phase of the memory process considered the permanent storehouse of information that has been registered, encoded, passed into the short-term memory, coded, reheared, & finally transferred & stored for future retrieval; material & information retained there underlies cognitive abilities
83
luteal phase
that portion of the menstrual cycle extending from the time of formation of the corpus luteum to the onset of menses, usually 14 days in length
84
mastication
chewing food in preparation for deglutition & digestion
85
mesomorph
a constitutional body type or build (biotype or somatotype) in which tissues that originate form the mesoderm prevail; morphologically, a balance exists between trunk & limbs
86
metabolic acidosis
decreased pH & bicarbonate concentration in body fluids caused either by accumulation of acids or abnormal losses of fixed base from the body
87
metabolic alkalosis
a disorder associated with an increased arterial bicarbonate concentration, due toi an excessive intake of alkaline materials jor an excessive loss of acid in the urine or through presistent vomiting
88
metabolic equivalent (MET)
the oxygen cost of energy expenditure measured at supine rest (1 MET = 3.5 mL O2 per kg of body weight per minute); multiples of MET are used to estimate the oxygen cost of activity
89
metabolism
the sum of the chemical & physical changes occuring in tissue, consisting of anabolism, those reactions, that convet small molescules into large, & catabolism, those reactions that convert large molecules into small, including both endogenous large molecules as well as biodegradation of xenobiotics
90
metabolite
any product or substrate of metabloism, especially of catabolism
91
microfilament
the finest filamentous element of the cytoskeletal, having a diameter of about 5 nm & consisting primarily of actin
92
mineralocorticoid
one of the steroids of the cortex of the suprarenal gland that influence salt (sodium & potassium) metabolism
93
mitochondrion
an organelle of hte cell cytoplasm consisting of two sets of membranes, a smooth continuous outer coat & an inner membrane arranged in tubules or more often in folds that form platelike double membranes call cristae (mitochondria is pl.)
94
mixed nerve
one with both afferent & efferent fibers
95
monocyte
large mononuclear leukocyte; normally constitute 3-7% of the leukocytes of circulating blood; normally found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, & loose connective tissue
96
motor cortex
region of the cerebral cortex most nearly immediately influencing movements of the face, neck & trunk, & upper & lower extremities
97
motor point
a point on the skin where the application of an electrical stimulus, through an electrode, will cause the contraction of an underlying muscle
98
myeline sheath
lipoproteinaceous envelope in vertebrates surrounding most axons larger than 0.5-mcm diameter
99
myofascial
of or relating to the fascia surrounding & separating muscle tissue
100
myofibril
fine longitudinal fibril in skeletal or cardiac muscle fiber consisting of many regularly overlapped ultramicroscopic thick & thin myofilaments
101
myofilaments
the ultramicroscopic threads of filamentous proteins making jup myofibrils in striated muscle
102
nerve conduction
the transmission of an impulse along a nerve fiber
103
olfaction
the sense of smell
104
oligodendroglia
one of three types of glia cells (the other two being macroglia or astrocytes, & microglia) that, together with nerve cells, compose the tissue of the central nervous system
105
ossification
(1) the formation of bone (2) a change into bone
106
osteoblast
a bone forming cell that is derived from mesenchymal progenitor cells & forms an osseous matrix in whihc it becomes enclosed as an osteocyte
107
osteoclast
a large multinucleated cell, possibly of monocytic origin, with abundant acidophiliac cytoplasm, functioning in the absorption & removal of osseous tissue
108
osteocyte
a cell of osseous tissue that occupies a lacuna & has cytoplasmic processes that extend into canaliculi & make contact with the processes of other osteocytes
109
papillary muscle
one of the group of myocardial bundles that terminate in the chordae tendinease which attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves; each has an anterior & a posterior papillary muscle; the right ventricle sometimes has a spetial papillary muscle
110
perilymph
the fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth, surrounding & protecting the membranous labyrinth
111
perimysium/perimysia
the fibrous sheath enveloping each of the primary bundles of skeletal muscle fibers
112
peropsteum/periosteo
the thick, fibrous membrnae coverign the entire surfac eof a bone except its articular cartilage. in young bones, it consists of two layers; an inner cellular layer that is osteogenic, forming new bone tissue, & an outer fibrous connective tissue layer conveying the blood vessels & nerves supplying the bone; in older bone, the osteogenic layers is reduced
113
peripheral nervous system
the part of the nervous system external to the brain & spinal cord from their roots to their peripheral terminations
114
permeable
permitting jthe passage of substances as through a membrane or other structures
115
postsynaptic membrane
that part of the plasma membrane of a neuron oir muscle fiber with which an axon terminal forms a synaptic junction
116
potable
drinkable; fit to drink
117
presynaptic membrane
the part of the plasma membrane of an axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction
118
progesterone
an antiestrogenic steroid used to correct abnormalities of the menstrual cycle, as a contraceptive, & to control habitual abortion
119
propagate
(1) to reporoduce; to generate (2) to move along a fiber, propagation of the nerve impulse
120
pyramidal decussation
the intercrossing of the bundles of the pyramidal tracts at the lower border region of the medulla oblongata
121
pyramidal tract
a massive bundle of fibers originating from pyramidal cells in the precentral motor & premotor area & in the postcentral gyrus. fibers from these cortical regions decend through the internal capsule, the middle third of the crus cerebri, and the ventral part of the pons to emergy on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata as hte pryamis, continuing caudally, most of the fibers cross to the opposite side in the pyramidal decussation & descend in the spinal cord as the lateral pryamidal tract, which distributes its fibers to intemeurons of the pryamidal tract at or below its cortical origin causes impairment of movement in the opposite body-half, especially severe in the arms & leg & characterized by muscular weakness, spasticity & hyperreflexia, & a loss of discrete finger & hand movements. Babinski sign is associated with this condition of hemiplegia.
122
ranvier node
a short interval in the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber, occuring between segments of the myelin sheath
123
raphe nuclei
collective term denoting a variety of nerve cell groups in & along the median plane of the medulla oblongata
124
reflex
involuntary reaction to a stimulus applied to the periphery & transmitted to the nervous centers in the brain or spinal cord
125
reflex arc
(1) route followed by nerve impulses to produce a reflex act (2) neural pathway that involves botht eh peripheral & central nervous systems
126
regeneration
(1) reproduction or reconstitution of a lost or injuried par (2) a form of asexual reproduction
127
regurgitate
(1) to flow backwards (2) to expel the contents of the stomach in small amounts, short of vomiting
128
relapse
return of the manifestations of a disease after an interval of improvement
129
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remainign in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
130
respiratory acidosis
acidosis caused by retention of carbon dioxide
131
respiratory alkalosis
alkalosis resulting from an abnormal loss of CO2 produced by hyperventilation, either active or passive, with concomitant reduction in arterial bicarbonate concentration
132
saltatory conduction
nerve conduction in which the impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
133
sacromoere
the segment of a myofibril between two adjacent z lines, representing the functional unit of striated muscle
134
sacroplasm
the nonfibrillar cyotplasm of a muscle fiber
135
sacroplasmic reticulum
teh endoplasmic retriculum of skeletal & cardiac muscle; the complex of vesicles, tubules, & cistemae forming a continuous structure around striated myofibrils, with a repetition of structure within each sacromere
136
sclerotome
(1) a knife used in sclerotomy (2) the group of mesenchymal cells emerging from teh ventromedial part of a mesodermic somite & migrating toward the notochord. sclerotomal cells from adjacent somites become merged in intersomitically located masses that are the primordia of the centra of the vertebrae
137
slow-twitch fibers
histologically distinct skeletal muscle fibers that generate energy predominantly through the aerobic energy transfer system; are selectively recruited in aerobic activities
138
somatic
(1) relating to the soma or trunk; the wall of the body cavity, or the body in general (2) relating to or involving the skeleton or skeletal (voluntary) muscle & the innervation of the latter, as distinct from the viscera or visceral (involuntary) muscle & it (autonomic) innervation (3) relating to the vegetative, as distinguished from the generative, functions
139
spasticity
a state of increased muscular tone with exaggeration of the tendon reflexes
140
spinal ganglion
the ganglion of the posterior root of each spinal segemental nerve, contains the cell bodies of the pseudounipolar primary sensory neurons with peripheral axonal branches that become part of the mixed segmental nerve, while the central axonal branches enter the spinal cord as a component of the sensory posterior root
141
stem cell
(1) any precursor cell (2) a cell with daughter cells that may differentiate into other cell types
142
summation
the aggregation of a number of similar neural impulses or stimuli
143
supine
(1) denoting the body when lying face upward; opposite to prone (2) supination of the forearm or of the foot
144
synapse/synapses
the functional membrane-to-membrane contact of the nerve cell with another nervecell, an effector (muscle, gland) cell, or a sensory receptor cell. The synapse subserve the transmission of nerve impulses, commonly from a club-shaped axon terminal (the presynaptic element) to the circumscript patch of the plasma membrane of the receiving cell (the postsynaptic element) on which the synapse occurs. In most cases, the impulse is transmitted by means of a chemical transmitter substance (such as acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, norepinephrine) release into a synaptic cleft that separated the presynaptic from the postsynaptic membrane; the transmitter is stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic element. In other synapses, transmission takes place by direct propagation of the bioelectrical potential from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic membrane
145
tendinosis
a noninflammatory condition involving a previously injuried tendon that heals with weak collagenous fibers, low weight-bearing resistance, & a high risk of future injury
146
tendon
a nondistensible fibrous cord or band of variable length that is the part of the muscle that connects the fleshy (contractile) part of muscle with its bony attachment or other structure; it may unite with the flesh part of the muscle at its extremity or may run along the side or in the center of the fleshy part for a longer or shorter distance, recieving the muscular fibers along its border; when the length of a muscle is determined, the tendon length is induced as well as the fleshy part; it consists of fascicles of very densely arranged, almost parallel collagenous fibers, rows of elongated fibrocytes, & a minimum of ground substance
147
unmyelinated fibers
in teh CNS, a fiber haivng no myelin covering; a naked axon; in the PNS, represented by all axons lying in troughs in a single Schwann cell (Schwann cell unit); a slow conducting fiber
148
uptake
the absorption by a tissue of some substance (food material, mineral) or its permanent or temporary retention
149
vaginate
(1) to ensheathe; to enclose in a sheath (2) ensheathed; provided with a sheath
150
vital capacity (VC)
the greatest volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration
151
wolff law
(1) every change in the form & function of a bone is followed by changes in the bone's internal architecture & secondary alterations in its external conformation; these changes usually represent responses to alterations in weight-bearing stresses (2) bone forms in areas of stress & resorbed in area of nonstress
152
z filament
the thin zig-zag structure at the z line of striated muscle fibers to which the actin filaments attach
153
z line
a cross-striated bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofibrils & serving as the anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere
