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BOC > 1.1 Systemic Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

1.1 Systemic Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of the skeletal system

A
  • axial skeleton (80 bones)

- appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

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2
Q

skeletal system divisions: axial skeleton

A

skull
spinal column
ribs
sternum

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3
Q

skeletal system divisions: appendicular skeleton

A

upper extremities
shoulder/pectoral girdle (scapula & clavicle)
lower extremities
pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, & pubis)

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4
Q

Roles of the skeletal system

A 
supports body weight
transfers body weight
body movement
muscle & ligament attachment
organ protection
bone marrow storage
mineral storage
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5
Q

bone classification by shape

A 
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
wormian
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6
Q

bone classification by shape: long

A 
long cylindrical shaft (diaphysis)
protruding ends (epiphyses)
function as levers
example - humerus & fibula
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7
Q

bone classification by shape: short

A

short & relatively symmetrical
no diaphysis
example - carpals & tarsals

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8
Q

bone classification by shape: flat

A

flat or curved surface

example - scapula & ilium

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9
Q

bone classification by shape: irregular

A

irregular-shaped bones

example - maxilla & vertebra

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10
Q

bone classification by shape: sesamoid

A

round (sesame seed shaped)
enbedded within a tendon
provide protection & leverage/mechanical advantage
example - patella & sesamoid bones of great toe

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11
Q

bone classification by shape: wormian

A

tiny bones found in the suture joints of the cranium

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12
Q

anatomy of long bones

A 
diaphysis (shaft)
epiphyseal (growth) plate
epiphyses
articular (hyaline) cartilage
periosteum
endosteum
medullary (marrow) cavity
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13
Q

anatomy of long bones: diaphysis (shaft)

A

cylinder shaped
wall (cortex) is composed of cortical (compact) bone tissue
inner surface is lined with cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone
contains the medullary (marrow) cavity

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14
Q

anatomy of long bones: epiphyseal (growth) plate

A

cartilaginous
separate epiphysis & diaphysis early in life
both ends of the bone grow from this plate
replaced by bone (close) as skeleton matures
some do not complete close until age 25

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15
Q

antomy of long bones: epiphyses

A

proximal & distal ends of a long bone
composed primarily of cancellous (spongy or travecular) bone that is surrounded by a layer of cortical bone)
wider surface area increases joint stability
articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the articular surface of the epiphyses

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16
Q

anatomy of long bones: articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

covers articular surfaces of bones
protects from joint wear & tear
provides shock absorption
poor blood supply

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17
Q

anatomy of long bones: periosteum

A

fibrous membrane that surrounds the diaphysis
attachment site for tendons & ligaments
contains bone forming/repairing cells & blood vessels

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18
Q

anatomy of long bones: endosteum

A

fibrous membrane that lines the walls of the medullary (marrow) cavity
contains bone forming/repairing cells

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19
Q

anatomy of long bones: medullary (marrow) cavity

A

tube-like space located within the diaphysis

contains bone marrow

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20
Q

skeleton formation

A

endochondral ossification

intramembranous ossification

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21
Q

endochondral ossification

A

develops from hyaline cartilage

most common

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22
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

occurs within a membrane

example - flat bones of the cranium

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23
Q

bone tissue

A

composed of bone cells & matrix

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24
Q

types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

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25
Q

types of bone cells: osteoblasts

A

build bone tissue

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26
Q

types of bone cells: osteoclasts

A

breakdown or resorb bone tissue

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27
Q

types of bone cells: osteocytes

A

located within lacunae (small cavities within a bone)

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28
Q

types of bone matrix

A

organic matrix

inorganic matrix

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29
Q

organic matrix

A

composed primarily of collagen fibers

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30
Q

inorganic matrix

A

composed primarily of mineral salts & calcium

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31
Q

types of bone tissue

A

cortical (compact) bone

cancellous (trabecular or spongy) bone

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32
Q

cortical (compact) bone

A

ordered & dense arrangement
found primarily in shaft of long bones
osteon - structural unit of compact bone

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33
Q

cancellous (trabecular or spongy) bone

A

irregular & sponge-like arrangement
found primarily in epiphyses of long bones
trabeculae - form the latticework of spongy bone

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34
Q

principles of physical stress on bone: wolff law

A

bone responds to the physical demands that are place on it

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35
Q

wolff law, increased stress –>

A

greater bone mass

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36
Q

wolff law, decreased stress –>

A

lesser bone mass

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37
Q

wolff law, excessive stress –>

A

bone pathology (i.e. stress fracture)

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38
Q

catilage

A

connective tissue

composed of cartilage cells & matrix

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39
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

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40
Q

cartilage cells: chondroblasts

A

cartilage builders

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41
Q

cartilage cells: chondrocytes

A

mature chondroblasts

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42
Q

cartilage matrix

A 
collagen (provides tensile strength) & elastin (provides elasticity)
ground substance (proteoglycans -- glucosamine & chondroitin sulfate)
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43
Q

types of catilage

A

hyaline (articular) cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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44
Q

cartilage types: hyaline (articular) cartilage

A

articular surfaces of bones
allows for smooth movement
protects from joint wear & tear
provides shock absorption

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45
Q

cartilage types: fibrocartilage

A

greater amount of collagen fibers

example - interpubic disc & menisci

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46
Q

cartilage types: elastic cartilage

A

collagen & elastin fibers

example - epiglottis & outer ear

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47
Q

menisci

A

crescent-shaped fibrocartilage (semilunar cartilage)
the medial & lateral menisci are located on the tibial plateau
the inner edge are thinner than outer edge
the outer edge are connected to the tibial plateau via the coronary ligaments
vacularity decliens as you move toward inner edge
medeial meniscus is attached to the MCL
increase area of articular surface
provide shock absorption & stability

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48
Q

labrum

A

a ring-shaped fibrocartilage
glenoid labrum - shoulder (attached to glenoid fossa)
long head of hte biceps brachii tendon attaches to the superior portion of glenoid labrum
acetabular labrum - hip (attached to acetabulum)
deepens articular surface of glenohumeral joint
provides shock absorption & stability

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49
Q

articular discs

A

disc-shaped fibrocartilage
increase area of articular surface
provide shock absorption & stability
example - pubic symphysis & stenoclavicular joint

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50
Q

ligaments

A 
dense fibrous connective tissue
composed primarily of collagen w/ some elastin fibers
strong tensile strength
connect bone to bone
facilitate or limit movement
provide static joint stability
poor blood supply
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51
Q

intracapsular ligaments

A

located inside of joint capsule

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52
Q

extracapsular ligaments

A

located outside of joint capsule

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53
Q

joint capsule

A

surround synovial joints
has two layers
example - glenohumeral joint capsule

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54
Q

two layers of joint capsule

A

fibrous

synovial membrane

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55
Q

layers of joint capsule - fibrous

A

outer layer

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56
Q

layers of joint capsule - synovial membrane

A

inner layer that secretes synovial fluid

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57
Q

bursae

A

synovial fluid-filled sacs
commonly found between tendon & bone or skin & bonecushion & reduce friction
example - olecranon bursa & prepatellar bursa

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58
Q

tendons

A

dense fibrous connective tissue
cord like shape
primarily composed of collagen with some elastin fibers
strong tensile strength
connect muscle to bone
transmit force from muscle to bone to create movement
surrounded by peritendinous or synovial tendon sheath
bound down by sheets of retinaculum
poor blood supply

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59
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue

A 
excitability (irritability)
contractility
extensibility (stretch)
elasticity (viscoelasticity)
plasticity (viscoplasticity)
creep
tensile strength
weight bearing
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60
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: excitability (irritability)

A

responsive to mechanical electrical, or chemical stimuli

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61
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: contractility

A

develops tension (unique to muscular tissue)

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62
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: extensibility (stretch)

A

lengthen

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63
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: elasticity (viscoelasticity)

A

returns to resting length after being stretched

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64
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: plasticity (viscoplasticity)

A

shape can change, and then retian orginal shape

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65
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: creep

A

gradual change in tissue shape when a slow and sustained force is applied

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66
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: tensile strength

A

able to withstand tension forces

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67
Q

properties of skeletal connective tissue: weight bearing

A

sustains compressive forces due to body weight

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68
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal (striated)
cardiac
smooth

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69
Q

skeletal (striated) muscle tissue

A

voluntary

comprises skeletal muscle

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70
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

involuntary

comprises the heart

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71
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

involuntary

comprises the walls of blood vessels & hollow organs

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72
Q

skeletal striated appearance

A

alternating A bands (dark) and I bands (light)

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73
Q

skeletal muscle tissue contains two types of tissue

A

skeletal muscle tissue

fibrous fascia

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74
Q

tissue type: skeletal muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle (fibers) cells - primary strcutrual & functional units

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75
Q

tissue type: fibrous fascia of muscle tissue

A

surrounds the entire muscle

continues to form tendons

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76
Q

forms of skeletal muscle

A

paralle (longitudinal) muscles

pennate muscles

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77
Q

forms of skeletal muscle: parallel (longitudinal) muscles

A

fibers arranged in parallel manner

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78
Q

forms of skeletal muscle: pennate muscles

A

fibers arranged in oblique manner from a central tendon

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79
Q

type of parallel (longitudinal) muscles

A 
flat
fusiform (spindle)
trianglular (radiate)
strap
sphincter (circular)
spiral
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80
Q

parallel (longitudinal) muscles: flat

A

thin & broad

example - rectus abdominis

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81
Q

parallel (longitudinal) muscles; fusiform (spindle)

A

spindle shaped

example - brachioradialis

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82
Q

parallel (longitudinal) muscles; triangular (radiate)

A

fan shaped

example - trapezius

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83
Q

parallel (longitudinal) muscles: strap

A

long parallel manner

example - sartorius

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84
Q

parallel (longitudinal) muscles: sphincter (circular)

A

around a body opening

example - orbicularis occuli

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85
Q

parallel (longitudinal) muscles: spiral

A

arranged around long axis

example - latissimus dorsi

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86
Q

types of pennate muscles

A

unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

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87
Q

pennate muscles: unipennate

A

diagnonally arranged fibers from a central tendon on one side only
example - brachialis

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88
Q

pennate muscles: bipennate

A

diagonally arranged fibers from a central tendon on both sides
example - biceps femoris

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89
Q

pennate muscles: multipennate

A

diagonally arranged fibers from multiple tendons

example - deltoid

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90
Q

skeletal muscle (cells) fibers

A

cylindrical shape
multinucleate
rich in mitochondria
contain myoglobin (oxygen-binding molecule)
comprise multiple muscle fibers (arrangement varies)

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91
Q

types of skeletal muscle fibers

A 
type I (slow twitch)
type IIA (intermediate)
type IIB (fast twitch)
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92
Q

type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers

A 
slow oxidated
small in diameter
red in color
high myoglobin content
slow speed of contraction
slow rate of fatigue
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93
Q

type IIA (intermediate) muscle fibers

A 
fast oxidative glycolytic
intermediate in diameter
red in color
intermediate myoglobin content
feast speed of contraction
intermediate rate of fatigue
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94
Q

type IIB (fast twitch) muscle fibers

A 
fast glycolytic
large in diameter
white in color
low myoglobin content
fast speed of contraction
fast rate of fatigue
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95
Q

roles of muscles

A 
agonist
antagonist
synergist
fixators
nutralizers
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96
Q

roles of muscles: agonist

A

muscle that contracts

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97
Q

roles of muslces: antagonist

A

action oppostie of agonist

muscle that lengthens

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98
Q

roles of muscles: synergist

A

assists agonist
increases movement efficiency
prevents unnecessary movement

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99
Q

roles of muscles: fixators

A

stops unwanted action at fixed attachment point of a muscle

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100
Q

roles of muscles: neutralizers

A

stops unwanted action at mobile attachment point of a muscle

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101
Q

muscle contraction (action)

A

development of muscle tension

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102
Q

primary types of muscle contractions

A

isometric

isotonic

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103
Q

isometric (static) contraction

A

tension is developed within a muscle, but no joint movement occurs

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104
Q

isotonic (dynamic) contraction

A

tension is developed within a muscle that causes or controls movement of a joint

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105
Q

types of isotonic muscle contractions

A

concentric (positive) contraction

eccentric (negative) contraction

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106
Q

concentric contraction

A

positive

tension is developed as muscle lengthens

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107
Q

eccentric contraction

A

negative

tension is developed as muscle shortens

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108
Q

sliding filament (mechanism) theory

A

physiological process of sarcomere shortening (muscle contraction)
energy source = adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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109
Q

sliding filament mechanism process

A

action poteintial to muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
calcium ions attache to troponin molecules of actin filaments
troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way, which exposes actin-binding sites
myosin heads bridges between myosin and actin
each myosin cross bridge pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere
cross bridges break
then reattach & continue as APs dictate

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110
Q

integumentary system components

A 
skin
blood vessels
nerves
glands
sensory organs
hair
nails
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111
Q

skin functions

A 
prevents deyhdration
prevent infection
regualates body temperature
provides sensory information
absorbs substances for example, medications
manufacture vitamin D
excretion (eg. electrolytes)
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112
Q

skin structure

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous (hypodermis)

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113
Q

skin accessory structures

A 
sebaceous (oil) glands
meibomian (tarsal) glands
suboriderous (sweat) glands
hair
nails
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114
Q

epidermis

A 
outermost portion
epithelial cells
epidermal cells sytoplasm replace dwith keratin 
no blood vessels
nourished by capillaries in the dermis
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115
Q

layers of epidermis

A

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum

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116
Q

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

A

closet to the dermis (produces new epidermal cells)

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117
Q

stratum corneum

A

outer layer of epidermis

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118
Q

stratum lucidum

A

found in thick skin (another layer that resists abrasion)

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119
Q

dermis

A 
true skin
under the epidermis
ability to stretch extensively
accessory structures found in this layer
dermal papillae
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120
Q

composition of dermis

A

elastic connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves

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121
Q

dermal papillae

A

areas where dermis projects toward surface of epidermis (finger & foot prints)

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122
Q

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

A

below the dermis

connects skin to the superficial muscles

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123
Q

composition of subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

A 
adipose tissue
loose connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves
nerve endings
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124
Q

accessory integumentary structures: sebaceous (oil) glands

A 
sac-like structures
open to hair follicles
used for lubrication of skin/hair (prevents dryness)
meibomian glands
sebaceous cysts
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125
Q

sebaceous (oil) gland: meibomian glands

A

lubricate eyes

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126
Q

sebaceous (oil) gland: sebaceous cysts

A

blocked sebaceous gland with associated sebum accumulation

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127
Q

accessory integumentary structures: suboriferous (sweat) glands

A

function to cool the body

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128
Q

two primary types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

eccrine

apocrine

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129
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

secretes sweat

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130
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

axillae & groin (small number of sweat glands)

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131
Q

modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A 
mammary glands
ceruminous glands (produce ear wax)
ciliary glands (eyelids)
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132
Q

accessory integumentary structures: hair

A 
hair follicle
hair is not living (mostly keratin)
melanocytes
hair root
erector (arrector pili
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133
Q

hair: hair follicle

A

epithelial cells & connective tissue that encloses hair

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134
Q

hair: melanocytes

A

pigments that color hair

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135
Q

hair: hair root

A

portion of hair below the skin

136
Q

hair: erector (arrector) pill

A

thin band of involuntary muscle

137
Q

accessory integumentary strucutes: nails

A 
hard keratin produced in stratum corneum
nail root
nail matrix
lunala (little moon)
cuticle
138
Q

nail: nail root

A

proximal end of nail

139
Q

nail: nail matrix

A

nail growth region

140
Q

nail: lunala (little moon)

A

proximal nail over thickest portion of growth region

141
Q

nail: cuticle

A

seals space between skin and nail plate

142
Q

determining skin color

A

pigmentation (melanin production)
quality of circulating blood
substances in the blood

143
Q

structural divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

144
Q

structural division of the nervous system: CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

145
Q

structural division of the nervous system: PS

A

all nerves outside CNS

146
Q

functional divisions of the nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

147
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary

motor nerve travels from spinal cord to skeletal muscle

148
Q

somatic nervous system effector

A

skeletal muscle

149
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary

150
Q

autonomic nervous system effector

A

glands
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

151
Q

subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

152
Q

neuron structure

A

dendrites
axon
myelin sheath
neurilemma

153
Q

neuron structure: dendrites

A

tree-like appearance
impulse to cell body
receptors recieve stimulus

154
Q

neuron structure: axon

A

impulse away from cell body

single fiber with end branches

155
Q

neuron structure: myelin sheath

A 
insulation around some nerves
produced by Schwann cells in the PNS
fatty material
speeds up conduction of APs
AP jumps from node to node instead of traveling entrie nerve length
small spaces (nodes of Ranview)
156
Q

neuron structure: neurilemma

A

outer membranes of Schwann cells

not found in CNS cells

157
Q

types of neurons

A

afferent (sensory) neurons
efferent (motor) neurons
interneurons (central or association neurons)

158
Q

afferent neurons

A

(sensory) toward CNS

159
Q

efferent neurons

A

(motor) away from CNS

160
Q

interneurons

A

(central or association neurons) within CNS

161
Q

neuroglia

A 
glial cells
found in CNS & PNS
nonconducting cells
multiply throughout life
brain tumors are usually caused by neuroglia
162
Q

neuroglia: specialized functions

A

help repair cells
protect the nervous system
phagocytes
regulate fluid composition around the cells
scaffolding or supprot system for the nervous system

163
Q

neuroglia: schwann cells

A

example of neuroglia in the PNS

164
Q

neuroglia: astrocytes

A

example of neuoglia in CNS

165
Q

neuroglia of the CNS

A

astrocytes (macroglia)
microglia
oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia)

166
Q

neuroglia of the CNS: astrocytes (macroglia)

A

star shaped
twist around nerve cells to support CNS
attach neurons to capillaries
protect brain from harm

167
Q

neuroglia of the CNS: microglia

A

small in size
grow from monocytes
act as brain macrophages
engulf & destroy pathogens

168
Q

neuroglia of the CNS: oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia)

A

produce myelin sheath around CNS axons

provide support in CNS

169
Q

nerve impulse

A 
resting potential
nerve impulse
AP
resting state
depolarization
repolarization
170
Q

nerve impulse: resting potential

A

ionic charge along the plasma membrnae of an unstimulated nerve

171
Q

nerve impulse: resting potential inside membrane

A

resting potential is negative

172
Q

nerve impulse: resting potential outside membrane

A

resting potential is positive

173
Q

inerve impulse

A

reverses membrane potential because of reversal of ion concentration

174
Q

nerve impulse: AP

A

sudden electrical change in ion concentration

AP = nerve impulse = salutatory conduction

175
Q

nerve impulse: resting state

A

more Na+ outside & more K+ inside

176
Q

nerve impulse: depolarization

A

energy allows diffusion of Na+ into cell membrane; increases charge inside to more positive
electrical, chemical, mechanical

177
Q

nerve impulse: repolarization

A

membrane electrical charge returns to resting potential

178
Q

repolarization - membrane electrical charge returns to resting potential

A

K+ channels open causing K+ to leave the cell

simultaneously, cell uses active transport to move Na+ * K+ back to original concentrations called Na+/K+ pump

179
Q

types of synapses

A

chemical

electrical

180
Q

chemical (gap) synapse

A

axon of presynaptic cell to dendrite of postsynaptic cell
axon stores neutotransmitters in end bulbs
AP causes end bulbs to fuse with dendrite & release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter acts as a chemical signal generating AP of postsynaptic cell

181
Q

electrical synapse

A

CNS, cardiac, & smooth muscle

the membranes of presynaptic & postsynaptic cells are close enough for electrical charge to spread

182
Q

neurotransmitters

A

stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic cells

183
Q

most common neurotransmitters

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
acetylcholine (ACh) - neuromuscular junction

184
Q

spinal cord

A 
ends between L1 & L2 vertebrae (adults)
cauda equina
gray matter
white matter
white matter surrounds gray matter
gray commissure
central canal
ascending tracts
descending tracts
sensory information enters CNS through dorsal horn
motor information leaves CNS through ventral horn
185
Q

gray matter in spinal cord

A

unmyelinated tissue

186
Q

white matter in spinal cord

A

myelinated tissue

187
Q

gray commissure in spinal cord

A

bridge right & left horns

188
Q

central canal in spinal cord

A

center of gray commissure containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

189
Q

ascending tracts in spinal cord

A

afferent (sensory)

white matter tracts carrying information toward the brain

190
Q

descending tracts in spinal cord

A

efferent (motor)

carry information toward the PNS

191
Q

reflex arc

A 
receptor
afferent neuron
CNS
efferent neuron
effector
192
Q

reflex arc: receptor

A

detects stimulus

193
Q

reflex arc: afferent neuron

A

transmits impulse toward CNS

194
Q

reflex arc: CNS

A

interprets & organizes response

195
Q

reflex arc: efferent neuron

A

transmits impulse from CNS to PNS

196
Q

reflex arc: effector

A

response unit (muscle or gland)

197
Q

Simplest reflex

A

Stretch reflex and spinal reflex
Does not involve brain, therefore termed spinal reflex
Predictable and reliable assessment of nervous system function

198
Q

Order of simplest reflex

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Dorsal horn
  4. Interneuron
  5. Ventral horn
  6. Motor neuron
  7. Effector
199
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

200
Q

Spinal nerves attached to spinal cord by two roots

A

Dorsal root - sensory

Ventral root - motor

201
Q

Dorsal root has ganglion

A

Sensory gray matter outside CNS

202
Q

All spinal nerves ……

A

Are mixed (sensory and motor)

203
Q

Primary plexus in the body

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

204
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Sensory impulses from neck and back of head
Motor impulses to muscles of the neck
C1-4 with some C5 contribution
Contains cranial nerves XI and XII

205
Q

Cervical plexus superficial nerve branches

A

Lesser occipital (C2-3)
Greater auric ulnar (C2-3)
Transverse cervical (C2-3)
Supraclavicular (C3-4)

206
Q

Cervical plexus deep nerve branches

A

Ansa cervicalis - inferior/superior root (C1-4)
Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm (C3-5)
Segmental branches (C1-5)

207
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Upper extremity and shoulder region
Each trunk turns into an anterior and posterior division
Division unite to form cords

208
Q

How the brachial plexus runs

A

Nerve roots
Trunks
Divisions
Peripheral nerve

209
Q

Brachial plexus: C5-T1

A

With some distribution from C4 to T2

210
Q

Brachial plexus: C5-6

A

Superior trunk

211
Q

Brachial plexus: C7

A

Middle trunk

212
Q

Brachial plexus: C8-T1

A

Inferior trunk

213
Q

Posterior cord of brachial plexus

A

Posterior divisions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks

214
Q

Medial cord of brachial plexus

A

Anterior divisions of the inferior trunk

215
Q

Lateral cord of brachial plexus

A

Anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunk

216
Q

Brachial plexus: root nerves

A 
dorsal scapular (C5)
long thoracic (C5-7)
217
Q

brachial plexus: trunk nerves

A

subclavius (C5-6)

suprascapular (C5-6)

218
Q

brachial plexus: posterior cord nerves

A 
upper scapular (C5-6)
thoracodorsal (C6-8)
lower subscapular (C5-6)
axillary (C5-6)
radial (C5-T1)
219
Q

brachial plexus: medial cord nerves

A 
medial pectoral (C8-T1)
medial brachial cutaneous (C8-T1)
medial antebrachail cutaneous (C8-T1)
median (middle head) (C5-T1)
ulnar (C8-T1)
220
Q

brachial plexus: lateral cord nerves

A

musculocutaneous (C5-7)
median (lateral head) (C5-7)
lateral pectoral (C5-7)

221
Q

lumbar plexus

A

supplies anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of the lower extremity
L1-4
Roots –> anterior & posterior divisions

222
Q

lumbar plexus: anterior division nerves

A

ilioinguinal (L1)
genitofemoral (L1-2)
obtrurator (L2-4)

223
Q

lumbar plexus: posterior division nerves

A

iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-3)
femoral (L2-4)

224
Q

sacral plexus

A

supplies buttocks, perineum, and lower extremity
L4-S4
roots –> anterior & posterior divisions

225
Q

sacral plexus: sciatic nerve

A

largest nerve in the body arising from sacral plexus

226
Q

sacral plexus: anterior division nerves

A

nerve to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus (L4-S1)
nerve to obturator internus and superior gemellus (L5-S2)
perforating cutaneous (S2-3)
tibial (L4-S3)
pudendal (S2-4)

227
Q

sacral plexus:posterior division nerves

A 
superior gluteal (L4-S1)
inferior gluteal (L5-S2)
piriformis (S1-2)
posterior cutaneous (S1-3)
common peroneal (L4-S2)
228
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates actions of glands, smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels, and cardiac muscle
automatic - no conscious awareness

229
Q

ANS divisions

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

230
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

fight or flight stress response
thoracic and lumbar spinal areas (T1-L2)
adrenergic actions - activated by adrenaline
mostly uses epinephrine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitter
acts as an accelerator of organ function

231
Q

Sympathetic nervous system: sympathetic chains

A

two cord-like strands of ganglia
both sides of spinal column
lower neck to upper abdomen

232
Q

sympathetic nervous system: flight or flight response

A

increases rate and force of heart contractions
increases blood pressure (BP)
increases basal metabolic rate (BMR)
decreases urinary and digestive systems
dilates pupils, bronchial tubes, and skeletal blood vessels

233
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

reverses the fight or flight stress response
craniosacral region - brainstem (midbrain and medulla) and sacrum
cholinergic action - activated by ACh
acts as a depressor or decelerator of organ functions

234
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory
sensory
smell

235
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic
sensory
vision

236
Q

cranial nerve III

A 
oculomotor 
motor
effect on pupullary reaction and size
elevation of upper eyelid
eye adduction and downward rolling
237
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear
motor
upward eye rolling

238
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal
mixed
sensory: sensation of nose, forehead, temple, scalp, lips, tongue, and lower jaw
motor: muscles of mastication

239
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens
motor
lateral eye movement

240
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial
mixed
sensory: taste
motor: muscles of expression

241
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear (Acoustic or Auditory)
sensory
hearing and equilibrium

242
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal
mixed
sensory: taste
motor: pharygeal muscles

243
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus
mixed
sensory: gag reflex
motor: muscles of pharynx and larynx

244
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory
motor
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

245
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal
motor
tongue movement

246
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
named for position anterior to posterior
cranial nerves III to XII arise from brainstem

247
Q

four categories of cranial nerve information

A

special sensory impulses
general sensory impulses
somatic motor impulses
visceral motor impulses

248
Q

cranial nerve category: special sensory impulses

A

smell, taste, hearing, and vision

249
Q

cranail nerve category: general sensory impulses

A

pain, touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and deep muscle sensation

250
Q

cranial nerve category: somatic motor impulses

A

voluntary control of skeletal muscle

251
Q

cranial nerve category: visceral motor impulses

A

involuntary control of cardiac/smooth muscle, glands, and parasympathetic system

252
Q

neural tube forms brain

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

253
Q

neural tube forms brain: prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus

254
Q

neural tube forms brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

metencephalon - pons and cerebellum

myelecephalon - medulla oblongata

255
Q

areas of the brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum

256
Q

cerebrum

A 
five paired lobes
largest portion
two convoluted hemispheres
corpus callosum connects right and left hemispheres
cerebral cortex - outer layer
257
Q

diencephalon

A

between cerebrum and brainstem
thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus sorts and redirects sensory inputs
hypothalalmus is responsible for homeostasis, ANS control, and pituitary gland control

258
Q

brainstem

A

below the cerebrum

connects cerebrum with spinal cord and diencephalon

259
Q

three parts of brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

260
Q

parts of brainstem: midbrain

A

vision and hearing
connects lower portion of brian to cerebrum
cranial nerves III and IV originate

261
Q

parts of brainstem: pons

A

helps regulate respiration
mostly myelinated nerves
bridges cerebrum, cerebellum, and braiinstem
cranial nerves V and VIII originate

262
Q

parts of brainstem: medulla oblongata

A 
connects brain with spinal cord
controls vital functions (e.g. heart beat, respiration)
highly myelinated
motor fibers decussate
cranial nerves IX to XII originate
263
Q

part of brainstem, medulla oblongata: three centers

A

respiratory
cardiac
vasomotor

264
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary muscles
balance and muscle tone maintenance
outer covering - gray matter
inner area - white matter

265
Q

five lobes of cerebrum

A 
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
insula
266
Q

frontal lobe of cerebrum

A

primary motor control area
speech centers (written and motor)
conscious control of skeletal muscle

267
Q

parietal lobe of cerebrum

A

primary sensory area
somatesthetic sensation
temperature interpretion
distance, size, and shape interpretation

268
Q

parietal lobe of cerebrum: somatesthetic sensation

A

sensation arising from cutaneous, muscle, tendon, and joitn receptors

269
Q

temporal lobe of cerebrum

A

auditory centers including interpretation and association of auditory information
olfactory area

270
Q

occipital lobe of cerebrum

A

vision and coordination of eye movment
visual receiving and association areas
read with understanding

271
Q

insula of cerebrum

A

memory
integration of other cerebral activities
deep within each hemisphere

272
Q

basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

masses of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies
located dep within the white matter of the cerebrum
function to control vomuntary movements
secrete dopamine

273
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer 2 to 4 mm covering of the cerebrum
conscious thought, memory, reasonsing, and abstract mental functions
thought processes (e.g. association, judgement, and discrimination)
voluntary actions
gray matter with underlying hite matter
folds and grooves are called convolutions
elevated folds are called gyri
depressed grooves are called sulci

274
Q

left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is the language area

A

broca area

wernicke area

275
Q

left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is the language area: broca area

A

frontal lobe

motor aphasia

276
Q

left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is the language area: wernicke area

A

speech comprehension center

found in temproal lobe

277
Q

Corpusd callosum

A

band of white matter

bridge permitting impulses to cross between cerebral hemispheres

278
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A 
formed in the ventricles of the brain
supports nervous tissue
shock absorber
carries nutrients and waste
arachnoid villi in dural sinuses
279
Q

limbic system

A

part of the brain that controls the emotional state (with the hypothalamus)
nuclei and fiibers that form a ring around the brainstem
stimulates the reticular formation
hippocampus - long-term memory (LTM) and learning

280
Q

reticular formation

A

network along brainstem

influences sleep and wakefullness

281
Q

meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

282
Q

dura mater of meninges

A

outermost layer

thickest and toughest

283
Q

two layers of dura mater of meninges

A

outer layer to cranium

some separation forming dural sinuses

284
Q

archnoid of meninges

A

middle layers
web-like
allows CSF to flow between dura and arachnoid

285
Q

pia mater of meninges

A

innermost payer
attached to CNS nervous tissue
follows contours of CNS structures
holds blood vessels supplying oxygen and nutrition to CNS

286
Q

rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon - pons and cerebellum

myelencephalon

287
Q

rhombencephalon: metencephalon - pons

A

cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII and respiratory centers

288
Q

rhombencephalon: metencephalon - cerebellum

A

proprioceptors connect here

289
Q

rhombencephalon: myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata
cranial nerves - VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII
vital centers invovled in regulation of breathing and cardiovascular responses

290
Q

thalamus

A

part of diencephalon
gray mater
sorts impulses and directs to appropriate areas in cerebral cortex

291
Q

hypothalamus

A 
part of diencephalon
maintains homeostasis
controls body temperature
maintains water balance
controls sleep
controls appetite
controls emotions of fear and pleasure
controls pituitary glad
controls both portions of ANS
influences many major body functions
292
Q

type of sensory receptors

A

chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
photoreceptors
thermoreceptors

293
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicas (e.g. taste, smell)

294
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

movement

295
Q

photoreceptors

A

light

296
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

297
Q

general senses

A 
touch
pain
position
temperature
pressure
298
Q

special senses

A 
vision
hearing
taste
equilibrium
smell
299
Q

three eyeball tunics

A

sclera
choroid
retina

300
Q

sclera of eye

A

outermost layer
white of the eye (due to collagen)
no blood vessels

301
Q

choroid of eye

A

middle layer
lots of blood vessels
delicate connective tissue

302
Q

retina of eye

A

innermost layer
receptor layer
contains rods and cones

303
Q

parts of the eye (light and the eye)

A

cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous body

304
Q

cornea of eye

A

window of the eye
main refracting strucuture
no blood vessels
anterior continuation with sclera

305
Q

aqueous humor of eye

A

constantly produced and drained
fluid filling eyeball anterior to lens
gives eye forward curve

306
Q

lens of eye

A

elastic and firm
biconvex
thickness can be adjusted for far and near vision

307
Q

vitreous body

A

jelly-like substance
fills posterior space
maintains eye shape

308
Q

retina

A

pigmented layer next to choroids
rods and cones (photoreceptors)
optic disc (blind sport) - no rods and cones here
connecting neurons - carry impulses to optic nerve
optic nerve fibers

309
Q

rods

A 
distributed around periphery of retina
active in dim light
visual acuity is low
cannot perceive color, only shades
vitamin A needed to manufacture a pigment to trigger rods
310
Q

cones

A 
conentrated near the center of retina
active in bright light
visual acuity is high
perceived red, green, or blue
color blindness caused by malfunctioning cones
311
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

originate on orbit and insert on the sclera
voluntary
contribute to convergence

312
Q

name of extrinsic eye muscles

A

superior & inferior oblique
superior & inferior rectus
lateral & medial rectus

313
Q

instrinsic eye muscles

A

two circular structures within the eye
involuntary
iris
ciliary muscle

314
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eye
circular muscles - contract to constrict pupil in bright light
radial muscles - contract in dim light to dilate pupil

315
Q

ciliary muscle of eye

A

holds lens in place through suspensory ligament

controls the shape of the lens allowing for far/near vision

316
Q

contraction of ciliary muscle

A

relaxes supensory ligament and elastic lens thickens (see close)

317
Q

relaxation of ciliary muscle

A

causes suspensory ligament tension; flattens lens (see far)

318
Q

accommodation for near vision

A

lens more rounded
light more focused on retina
controlled by ciliary muscle

319
Q

sensory nerves of the eye

A 
optic nerve (CN II)
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
320
Q

motor nerves of the eye

A 
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - supplies all but two muscles
trochlear nerve (CN IV) - supplies superior oblique muscle
abducens nerve (CN VI) - supplies lateral rectus muscle
321
Q

steps in the visual process

A 
light refracts 
iris adjust pupil
ciliary muscle adjust lens
extrinsic muscles produce convergence
photoreceptors stimulated by light
optic nerve sends impulse to brain
occipital lobe cortex interprets optic nerve information
322
Q

sections of the ear

A

outer ear
middle ear
inner ear

323
Q

outer ear

A 
pinna (auricle)
external auditory (meatus) canal
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
324
Q

middle ear

A

three (ossicles) bone - incus, malleus, and stapes

325
Q

inner ear

A

sensory receptors - semicircular canals, cochlea, and vestibule

326
Q

ceruminous glands

A

wax-producing glands that secrete cerumen

found in external auditory canal

327
Q

middle ear three ossicles

A

incus (anvil)
malleus (mallet)
stapes (Stirrup)

328
Q

middle ear ossicles

A

amplifying sound waves on tympanic membrnae
handle of malleus attaches to tympanic membrane
base of stapes connect to inner ear
incus between malleus and stapes (attached to both)

329
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear with pharynx

opens and closes to equalize pressure on either side of tympanic membrane

330
Q

inner ear (labyrinth)

A

most important and complex portion of the ear

331
Q

three areas of inner ear (labyrinth)

A

vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea

332
Q

vestibule of inner ear (labyrinth)

A

equilibrium receptors

two bony chambers

333
Q

semicircular canals of inner ear (labyrinth)

A

equilibrium receptors

tree bony tubes

334
Q

cochlea of inner ear (labyrinth)

A

hearing receptos

appearance of a snail shell

335
Q

organ of corti

A

hearing organ
ciliated receptorss
located within the cochlea

BOC (5 decks)

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