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health fundamentals > section 1.1: history of health care > Flashcards

section 1.1: history of health care Flashcards

1
Q

what resources did primitive beings not have?

A

electricity, tools, efficient shelter

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2
Q

what did primitive beings spend their time doing?

A

protecting themselves from predators and finding food

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3
Q

what did primitive beings believe caused illness?

A

supernatural spirits

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4
Q

what did tribal doctors do in attempts to heal people?

A

they performed ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits

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5
Q

what are some examples of ceremonies used to exorcise evil spirits?

A

trephining (surgically removing cranium) and using herbs and plants as medicine

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6
Q

what are some medicines used in exorcism ceremonies that are still used today?

A

digitalis, quinine, belladonna, morphine

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7
Q

who were the earliest people to keep accurate health records?

A

the egyptians

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8
Q

who were the first to use primitive acupuncture therapies

A

the chinese (stone age)

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9
Q

what was medicine considered as by the ancient greeks?

A

art

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10
Q

what did the greeks develop the use of

A

massage and herbal therapies

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11
Q

who found that disease was not caused by supernatural forces?

A

hippocrates

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12
Q

what two nations began public health and sanitation?

A

the greeks and romans

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13
Q

who were the first to organize medical care?

A

the romans

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14
Q

who began hospitals?

A

the romans

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15
Q

when did medical science stop?

A

when the huns conquered

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16
Q

what plague killed 60 million people?

A

the bubonic plague

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17
Q

what period did learning restart?

A

the renaissance period

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18
Q

what was built, what was accepted, and what was developed in the renaissance period?

A

universities and med schools, dissection, and books

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19
Q

what did leonardo da vinci study and record?

A

the anatomy of the body

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20
Q

what did william harvey describe?

A

the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart

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21
Q

what did gabriele fallopius discover?

A

the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy

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22
Q

what did bartolommeo eustachio discover?

A

the tube leading from the ear to the throat

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23
Q

what did antonie van leeuwenhoek invent?

A

the microscope

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24
Q

what started during the 16th-17th centuries?

A

early pharmacies

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25
Q

what happened in the 18th century?

A

students attended lectures, dissection of patients

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26
Q

what did rene laennec invent, what was it made out of?

A

stethoscope, wood

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27
Q

what did joseph priestley discover?

A

the element oxygen

28
Q

what two things did benjamin franklin discover?

A

bifocals, contagious coughs

29
Q

what did edward jenner discover?

A

a method of vaccination for smallpox

30
Q

what did ignaz senmelweis identify the cause of?

A

childbed fever

31
Q

what did louis pasteur discover?

A

tiny microorganisms

32
Q

what was joseph lister the first doctor to use during surgery?

A

antiseptic

33
Q

what did ernst von bergmann develop?

A

asepsis

34
Q

what did robert koch discover?

A

many disease causing organisms, introduced the importance of cleanliness

35
Q

what did wilhelm roentgen discover?

A

x-rays

36
Q

what did paul ehrlich discover?

A

the effect of medicine

37
Q

what were three forms of anesthesia discovered in the 19th and 20th centuries?

A

nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform

38
Q

what did gerhard domagk discover?

A

sulfonamide compounds

39
Q

what did dmitri ivanovski discover in 1892?

A

viruses

40
Q

what did sigmund freud discover?

A

the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind

41
Q

what did sir alexander fleming discover?

A

penicillin

42
Q

what did jonas salk discover?

A

dead polio virus would cause poliomyelitis immunity

43
Q

what did francis crick and james watson discover?

A

the molecular structure of DNA

44
Q

what did christian barnard do?

A

perform the first successful heart transplant (1968)

45
Q

what is ben carson a pioneer in?

A

siamese twin separations

46
Q

what does the word healthy refer to?

A

a person’s mental, physical, social, spiritual, and emotional wellness

47
Q

what has changed in the 21st century?

A

home visits and outpatients

48
Q

what is telemedicine?

A

using electronic communications to exchange medical information from one site to another

49
Q

what was nursing considered before the 19th century?

A

unsuitable for a respectable lady

50
Q

what did florence nightingale do?

A

establish a hospital ward and cared for patients with chlorea

51
Q

what did clara barton do?

A

serve as a volunteer nurse, establish bureau of records for missing men, establish american red cross

52
Q

what did lillian ward do?

A

public health nurse/social reformer, established henry street settlement

53
Q

what is patient care like today?

A

registered nurses are team leaders, new titles and job descriptions, nurses perform additional tasks, nursing involves technology skills

54
Q

what happened in the dark and middle ages?

A

medical science stopped, terrible epidemics, millions of deaths

55
Q

what happened in the renaissance period?

A

learning restarted, universities/med schools built, dissection acceptance, printing/publishing of books

56
Q

what happened in the 16th and 17th centuries?

A

study of anatomy, description of blood circulation and pumping of heart, discovery of fallopian tubes, discovery of eustachian tubes, invention of microscope, early pharmacies

57
Q

what happened in the 18th century?

A

invention of stethoscope, discovery of oxygen, bifocals, contagious coughs, smallpox vaccinations

58
Q

what happened in the 19th and 20th centuries?

A

cause of childbed fever, discovery of tiny microorganisms, pasteurization, antiseptic during surgery, development of asepsis, discovery of many disease causing organisms/importance of cleanliness, discovery of x-rays, effect of medicine, different types of anesthesia, discovery of sulfonamide compounds, discovery of conscious and unconscious parts of the mind, discovery of penicillin, discovery of poliomyelitis vaccine, discovery of molecular structure of DNA, first successful heart transplant, separation of siamese twins

59
Q

what new inventions and procedures have changed medicine in the 21st century?

A

eliminating disabling diseases, organ transplants, body part reattachment, portable computers, noninvasive techniques, unborn fetus care, acceptance of alternate medicine

60
Q

what has happened in the past century?

A

antibiotics, improved life expectancy, organ transplants, healthier hearts, dentistry without pain, CAT and MRI’s, end of smallpox, childhood immunizations, polio decline, medical machines, test tube babies, HMO’s, and hospice care

61
Q

what is expected to happen in the near future?

A

cured for AIDS/HIV/ebola, decrease in malaria/influenza/leprosy/african sleeping sickness, cure for genetically transferred diseases, improved treatment for arthritis and cold, isolation of depression gene, electronics for disabled people, decrease in schizophrenia

62
Q

what did the ancient greeks find?

A

that disease is caused by the lack of sanitation

63
Q

what are some other diseases in the dark and middle ages?

A

smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis

64
Q

in the 16th and 17th centuries, what diseases caused mass deaths?

A

childbed fever, quackery

65
Q

who was the first female physician in the united states?

A

elizabeth blackwell

66
Q

what did albert sabin use?

A

a live polio virus vaccine

health fundamentals (2 decks)

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