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AS Physics 2 > Section 1: Particles And Radiation > Flashcards

Section 1: Particles And Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Mass of electron in Kg

A

9.11 x10^-31

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2
Q

Charge of proton in Coulombs

A

+1.6 x10^-19

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3
Q

Charge of neutron in Coulombs

A

0

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4
Q

Charge of electron in Coulombs

A

-1.6 x10^-19

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5
Q

Definition of specific charge

A

‘Charge per unit mass’

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6
Q

Specific charge formula

A

Specific charge = charge
——–
Mass

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7
Q

Relative strength of gravity

A

6 x10-39

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8
Q

Relative strength of electromagnetic force

A

7 x10-3

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9
Q

Relative strength of strong force

A

1

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10
Q

Relative strength of weak force

A

1 x10-6

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11
Q

i) Range of strong and weak force in metres

ii) What happens to the force beyond that range?

A

i) 10^-15m and 10^-18m respectively

ii) Completely drops off, doesn’t not gradually reduce

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12
Q

Mass of proton or neutron in Kg

A

1.673 x10^-27

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13
Q

What forms alpha decay?

A

2 neutrons and 2 protons

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14
Q

When does alpha decay happen

A

When the diameter of the nucleus is greater than the range of the strong force

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15
Q

How is energy conserved by alpha decay?

A

Always emitted at the same speed which means they have the same kinetic energy, therefore energy is conserved

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16
Q

Name three quarks.

A

Up, down and strange

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17
Q

What is the baryon number of a quark?

A

+1/3

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18
Q

Give the quark composition of a:

a) proton
b) neutron
c) antineutron

A

a) uud
b) udd
c) udd (antiparticles)

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19
Q

What is the quark composition of a meson?

A

1 quark and 1 antiquark

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20
Q

Why can you not have quark on its own?

A

The energy used to remove a quark from a hadron creates a quark-antiquark pair. Quark confinement

21
Q

What kind of interaction can change a quark’s character? Name and describe an interaction in which this happens.

A

The weak interaction. In beta minus decay, a neutron decays into a proton so a down quark changes to an up quark

22
Q

What is the strangeness of a strange quark?

A

-1

23
Q

What is an exchange particle?

A

A virtual particle that lets a force act between two particles in an interaction

24
Q

Name two exchange particles of the weak interaction.

A

W+ boson and W- boson

25
Q

What do straight lines on particle interaction diagrams represent?

A

Particles (not exchange particles)

26
Q

Why would a nucleus undergo electron capture?

A

Because it is proton rich

27
Q

What is the difference between electron capture and electron-proton collisions?

A

In electron capture, a proton in a nucleus captures an electron from the atom, turning into a neutron and emitting a neutrino.
In an electron-proton collision, a free electron collides with a free proton to produce a neutron and neutrino

28
Q

What are the exchange particles in the fundamental forces also known as?

A

Gauge bosons

29
Q

Which particles are affected by the strong force?

A

Hadrons

30
Q

The electromagnetic force affects…?

A

Charged particles

31
Q

Give the gauge boson for the electromagnetic force.

A

Virtual photon

32
Q

In what type of interaction are strange particles produced in pairs?

A

Strong interaction

33
Q

What special property do strange particles have?

A

Strange particles are always produced in pairs

34
Q

In what type of interaction do strange particles decay?

A

The weak interaction

35
Q

In what type of interaction is strangeness not conserved? By how much does the strangeness change in this reaction?

A

The weak interaction. Strangeness can differ in a range of 1 (-1, 0, +1)

36
Q

What is always conserved in particle intervention? (3)

A

Charge, baryon number, lepton number. (energy, mass and momentum are also conserved)

37
Q

What is a photon?

A

A packet of EM radiation

38
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the energy of a photon from its wavelength?

A

E =hc/wavelength

39
Q

How does an antiparticle differ from its corresponding particle?

A

Opposite charge

40
Q

Name the electron’s antiparticle.

A

The positron

41
Q

Describe the process of pair production.

A

Energy can be converted into mass and produce particles, if there is enough energy. The mass is always produced in a particle-antiparticle pair.

42
Q

What is produced in the annihilation of matter and antimatter?

A

Two gamma ray photons

43
Q

What are the two largest forces acting on the particles in a nucleus?

A

The electromagnetic force (between protons) and the strong force

44
Q

What is the range of repulsion of the strong nuclear force?

A

Between 0 and 0.5fm

45
Q

What is the range of attraction of the strong nuclear force?

A

Between 0.5 and 3fm

46
Q

Why does a nucleus undergo nuclear decay?

A

Because the forces acting on the nucleus only have a range of a few femtometres so they struggle to keep the nuclei together making it unstable

47
Q

How do the nucleon and proton number change after alpha decay?

A

The nucleon number goes down by 4 and the proton number goes down by 2

48
Q

What particles are emitted during beta-minus decay?

A

An electron and an antineutrino

49
Q

Describe the changes in the nucleus of an atom when it undergoes beta-minus decay.

A

A neutron turns into a proton so the nucleon number stays the same and the proton number increases by 1

AS Physics 2 (9 decks)

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