Section 1 - Fundamentals of Human Movement Science Flashcards
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information, such as causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far, or changing one’s walking pattern when walking in the sand as opposed to the sidewalk.
Motor function
The body’s ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body.
Ex. When we walk or run our feet give us ___ feedback about the type of surface or terrain we are on.
Proprioception
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure with tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length and rate of length change.
Muscle spindles
Activation of these receptors will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or possibility of injury.
Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
The ability of muscles to exert maximal power in a minimal amount of time.
Rate of force production
Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint is…
Muscle imbalance
What does the sliding filament theory describe?
Actin and myosin filiments slide past each other, shortening the entire sarcomere, and thus shortening muscle and producing force.
What is a catabolic hormone secreted by the adrenal glands and serves to maintain energy supply through the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and protein
Cortisol
What system of glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions and consists of host organs, chemical messengers, and target cells?
Endocrine system
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
When should the three measurements for resting heart rate be taken for greatest accuracy?
At the same time each day upon waking
Heavy breathing results in an increase in the activity level of which secondary respiratory muscles?
Scalenes
Arterioles branch out into vessels know as what?
Capillaries
After leaving the left ventricle, blood enters which structure?
Aorta
What term refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction?
Stroke volume
What may be the best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness?
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 Max)
Within what range is the typical resting heart rate of a human being?
70 and 80 bpm
What term describes the number of heart beats per minute and the amount of blood pumped per beat?
Cardiac output
Arterioles branch out into vessels know as what?
Capillaries
Resting oxygen consumption is approximately how many mL of oxygen per kilogram body weight per minute?
3.5 mL
What is a small terminal branch of an artery, which ends in capillaries?
Arteriole
After how many minutes of exercise are the majority of muscle glycogen stores are depleted?
90 minutes
What system provides energy for primarily high-intensity, short-duration bouts of exercise or activity?
ATP-PC
What system provides energy for roughly 30 to 50 seconds of physical activity?
Glycolysis
What is a complex carbohydrate that can be rapidly broken down into glucose.
Glycogen
When an exercise is high intensity and lasts about 10 seconds, which energy pathways is predominantly in use?
ATP-PC
What type of activity (and how long) is the oxidative system primarily used?
Jogging for 30 minutes
What term refers to the assistance of amino acids in energy production during periods of starvation?
Gluconeogenesis
Which energy systems is used most when running a 10-second sprint?
ATP-PC
During glycolysis, in the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into which important molecule in metabolism?
Acetyl coenzyme A
A client runs a mile in 6 min and 30 seconds. Which energy systems is the client primarily using to produce energy?
Oxidative
The majority of muscle glycogen stores are depleted after how many minutes of exercise?
90 minutes
The force-velocity curve describes the relationship between which of the following?
Muscle force and the velocity of contraction
Landing from a jump is considered what type of motion?
Eccentric motion
Triceps pushdown is considered a movement in what plane?
Sagittal plane movement
What term refers to an anatomical position on the opposite side of the body?
Contralateral
What term refers to a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
What refers to a position away from the center of the body or the point of reference?
Distal
Scapular protraction refers to what movements of the scapula?
Abduction
Where is the right foot in relation to the left hand?
Contralateral
What is the term referring to the synergistic action of muscle groups to produce movement around a joint?
Force-couple relationship
Horizontal abduction involves the movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from which position to a lateral position?
Anterior
What is the concept that integrates practice and experience for a relatively permanent change in motor control processes?
Motor learning
Which of the following refers to a straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases?
Extension
In which plane of motion does a hammer curl occur?
Sagittal
Which motion is known as “a negative” in the health and fitness industry?
Eccentric motion
Shoulder elevation refers to which of the following motions of the scapula?
Superior
Where is the sternum in relation to the shoulder?
Medial
As the velocity of a muscular contraction increases, the ability to produce force decreases for which part of the muscle action spectrum?
Concentric
Front lunges and biceps curls occur in which plane of motion?
Sagittal
Around which axis does frontal plane motion occur?
Anterior-posterior
Which plane bisects the body into right and left sides?
Sagittal
Adduction is a movement back toward the midline of the body in which plane?
Frontal plane
Internal rotation refers to the rotation of a joint in which of the following directions?
Toward the middle
Define and name phases of the muscle action: Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion.
Isotonic.
Eccentric & Concentric phases.
Define and give example of the muscle action: Moving in the same direction as the resistance. Decelerates or reduces force.
Eccentric.
Ex: Landing from a jump, lowering a weight during resistance exercise.
Define and give an example of the muscle action: Moving in opposite direction of force. Accelerates or produces force.
Concentric.
Ex: Jumping upward, the “lifting” phase during a resistance training exercise.
Define and give an example of the muscle action: No visible movement with or against resistance. Dynamically stabilizes force.
Isometric.
During a dumbbell bench press, the rotator cuff musculature dynamically stabilizes the shoulder joint.
During a squat, the abductors and adductors of the thigh will dynamically stabilize the leg from moving too much in the frontal and transverse planes.
Define and give an example of the muscle action: The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology labs.
Isokinetic.
The harder an individual pushes or pulls, the more resistance they feel.
Unsure of examples - fancy equipment must be used.
Muscles that are the primary movers in a joint motion; also known as prime movers.
Agonist
Activities requiring oxygen.
Aerobic
Muscles that act in direct opposition to prime movers.
Antagonist
Muscle fibers that contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. These fibers fatigue faster than the other type of fibers.
Fast twitch fibers - Type II
Muscle fibers that contain a greater amount of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. These fibers are usually found to have a higher endurance capacity than the other type of fibers.
Slow twitch fibers (type I)
Muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns.
Synergist
The sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
Krebs Cycle
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements.
Proprioception
What are the 3 metabolic pathways in which cells can generate ATP?
- The ATP-PC system
- The glycolytic system (glycolysis)
- The oxidative system
When an athlete has to increase intensity, most of the energy comes from what metabolism?
Anaerobic metabolism
If the bout of high-intensity work is quite short, recovery of the ATP-PC cycle is complete in how long?
Approximately 90 seconds
