Section 1: Foundations, Content Area B: Concepts and Principles. Flashcards
What are examples of behaviour? A. Getting Wet B. Not being negative C. Staying still D. Opening the door E. Not arguing F. Thinking about a dog
D and F
*Tip: Think about a dead man test
What is a response class?
Group of behaviours that produce the same effect on the environment.
What is a stimulus?
Events in the environment that affect the behaviour of an organism.
What is a response class?
A group of responses rhat produce the same effect on the environment.
If you are trying to get in contact with someone over the long dostance, what behaviours could you engage in which would be in the same response class?
Text them, call them, send an email, direct message on social media
What is stimulus class and what are the three dimensions?
A group of stimuli that share a set of common elements in one or more dimensions.
Formal, temporal, functional.
What is a formal dimension?
Physical features:
Size, colour, intensity, weight and spatial position relative to other objects.
What is a functional dimension?
Effects on behaviour:
- Immediate but temporary effect of decreasing or increasing the frequency of current behaviour.
- A delayed but mostly permanent effect on frequency of that behaviour in the future.
What is a temporal dimension?
When this stimuli occurs with regards to behaviour of interest:
- Antecedents (before behaviour occurs)
- Consequences (after behaviour occurs)
What is a respondent conditioning (classical conditioning) ?
*hint: think about Pavlov dogs
A learning process when previously neutral stimulus gets paired with unconditioned stimulus and becomes conditioned stimulus.
What controls respondent behaviour ?
*hint: Pavlovian conditioning
Antecedents
What is operant conditioning?
Consequences that result on an increase or decrease the frequence of the same type of behaviour under similar conditions.
Behaviour that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated and behaviour followed by unplesant consequences is less likely to be repeated.
Three types of consequences that can follow behaviour are:
- Neutral:Neither decrease not increase the probability of future behaviour
- Reinforcement:increases the probability of future behaviour
- Punishers: decreases the probability of future behaviour
What are two types of reinforcement?
Positive and negative
What is a positive reinforcement?
When behaviour is followed by a presentation of stimulus which increases the probability of the behaviour occuring again in the future under similar circumstances.
What is negative reinforcement ?
When a behaviour is followed by a removal of stimulus which results in an increase of the probability of the behaviour occuring again under similar circumstances.
Name four schedules of reinforcement:
Fixed ratio
Fixed interval
Variable ratio
Variable interval
What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses occur.
What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?
A schedule if reinforcement where reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time elapses.
What is a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is provided variably after an average amount of responses are emitted.
What is variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
A schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is provided variably after an average amount of time has elapsed.
What does ratio refer to in schedules of reinforcement?
Number of responses
What does interval refer to in schedules of reinforcement?
Time
What response pattern is produced by fixed interval schedule?
Increasing rate towards the end of the interval.
Scalloping pattern.
There is a post reinforcement pause.
What response pattern is produced by variable interval schedule?
Respondinf is steady, low to moderate with no post-reinforcement pause.
Produces steady rates of responding.
What response pattern is produced by fixed ration schedule?
High rate of responding.
Break (post reinforcement pause) and Run (rapid increase in rate of responding).
What pattern of responding is produced by variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
High and steady rates of responding.
No post reinforcement pause.
What are two types of punishment?
Positive and negative
What is positive punishment?
Presentation of a stimulus following a behaviour which results in the decrease in the frequency of future behaviour
What is negative punishment?
The removal of a stimulus following a response , which results in a decrease in the frequency of future behaviour.
Provide an example of automatic contingency…
Scratching an itch, rubbing sore muscles, rubbing an eye. Anything that produces reinforcement without the need for an outside change in the environment.
What are socially mediated contingencies ?
Contingency which is delivered by another person. These contingencies are shaped by social interactions.
What is an unconditioned reinforcer? And give and example…
Reinforcement which does not require prior learning. For example, food and water, sexual stimulation, temperature
What is a conditioned reinforcer ?
A previously neutral stimuli which is paired with a primary reinforcer and becomes reinforcing.
What is a generalised reinforcer and give an example?
A stimuli which has been paired with a variety of different reinforcing consequences. For example money.
What is an unconditioned punisher?
Give an example…
Stimuli which is punishing without prior learning. For example extreme temperatures, pain, starvation or dehydration.
What is a conditioned punisher?
A previously neutral stimulus that becomes a punisher due to prior pairing with other punishers.
What is a generalised punisher ?
A stimulus that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned punishers and took up a function of a punisher.
What is operant extinction?
Withholding access to all reinforcement from a behaviour that has been previously reinforced.
What is stimulus control?
Stimulus control is when behaviour happens in the presence of a certain antecedent stimulus and not in its absence.
What is discrimination?
Occurs when only a certain stimulus produces a response.
What is generalisation?
Occurs when a variety of different stimulus create a certain response.
What is maintenance?
An extent to which target behaviour remains in the persons repertoire after the removal of the intervention.
What is unconditioned motivating operation?
UMO establish or abolish the value of stimuli as reinforcers or punishers without prior learning.
Deprivation (UNconditioned establishing operation) and satiation (UNconditioned abolishing operation).
What two effects do motivating operations have ?
Value altering effect and behaviour altering effect
What are two value altering effects?
- Increase in the rain forcing or punishing effectiveness of a stimuli in which the MO is an establishing operation.
- Decrease in the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of a stimulus in which the MO is an abolishing operation.
What are two behaviour altering effects?
- Increase in the current frequency of a behaviour that has been reinforced (punished) by some stimuli this is known as evocative effect.
- Decrease in the current frequency of behaviour that has been reinforced(or punished) by some stimulus this is known as abative effect.
What are four types of MO?
- Establishing operation related to reinforcement.
- Establishing operation related to punishment.
- Abolishing operation related to reinforcement.
- Abolishing operation related to punishment.
What is an establishing operation?
An MO that makes a stimulus more desirable (more effective as a reinforcer).
What is abolishing operation?
An MO which makes the stimulus less effective as reinforcer.
What is Conditioned Motivating Operation Reflexive (CMO-R)?
A condition that signals a worsening or improving of conditions.
What is conditioned motivating operation transitive (CMO-T)?
An environmental variable that establishes or abolishes the effectiveness of another stimulus as a reinforcer.
What is a conditioned motivating operation surrogate (CMO-S)?
A stimulus that acquired its effectiveness as an MO by being paired with another, previously established MO.
What is rule governed behaviour ?
Behaviour that is under control of a verbally mediated rule. And it is incentive to immediate contingencies.
What is contingency shaped behaviour ?
Behaviour which is shaped by direct contingencies.
What are four main types of verbal operants ?
- Mand
- Tact
- Echoic
- Intraverbal
What is Mand?
A verbal operant in which the speaker requests what they need or want
What is Tact?
A type of verbal operant in which the speaker names objects or actions that they have direct contact with through their senses.
What is Echoic ?
A type of verbal operant which occurs when the speaker repeats the word after another speaker.
What is intraverbal operant?
Verbal behaviour which is under control of someone else’s verbal behaviour.
What are derived stimulus relations?
A relation between stimuli which is not directly trained. If A and be and C all correspond to the same thing. Only A-B and B - C are trained directly and the relation between A and C is derived.
