Section 1 Chapter 1 And 2 Flashcards
Science
Coming to facts and laws based on observation and testing
Chemistry
The study of composition, structure, and properties of matter and it’s changes
Chemical
Any substance with an defined composition
Mass
Measure of the amount of matter in an object
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Memory tip: you only matter if you take up space
Atom
Smallest unit of an element with chemical properties of an element
Element
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substance and it’s made up of one type of atom.
Compound
A substance that can be broken down into simpler stable substances.
Memory tip: it’s is a compound of multiple atoms
Extensive property
Depends on the extent or size of a system
Example of extensive properties
Volume, mass, the amount of energy in a substance
Intensive property
Does not depend on the amount of energy present
Examples of intensive property
Melting point, boiling point, density, conductivity, ability to transfer anergy as heat
Physical property
A characteristic of a property that doesn’t involve a chemical change
Example of physical property
Density, hardness, color
Chemical property
Ability to undergo a chemical reaction
Physical change
A change that doesn’t change the identity of a substance
Example of physical change
Cutting paper, breaking glass
Chemical change/reaction
Substances converted into different substances
Examples of chemical change
Burning fire
What are signs that a chemical change occurred?
Color change, release of gas, energy change, precipitation formed.
What does radioactive mean?
Atoms that makeup a substance literally break apart or decay ☢️☢️
Ex: something happened to the joker when he went in something radioactive
Should you trust all scientific claims?
You should have some level of trust in them but also think for yourself. Some scientific claims are made for businesses.
What does the word chemistry derive from?
Alchemy
What is basic research?
Basic research helps build knowledge and can lead to chance discoveries
What is an example of basic research?
Roy Plunkett determined non-stick by accident through basic research
What is applied research?
Applied research is carried out to solve a problem
Technological Development
Produces/uses products that improve quality of life.
It often comes after basic and applied research
True or false: chemistry is purely practical
False; for example, fireworks are a result of chemistry
What do pharmaceuticals do?
They us computers to build desirable/specific molecules
What does forensics do?
They work on crime scenes, making hard to copy money builds, and they must be good at speaking because they are often called to court.
What happens in green chemistry?
They work towards reducing waste in smart ways not cleaning it.
What is a state change?
A physical change of a substance from one state to another m
What is a solid?
Definite shape and volume
What is a liquid?
Definite volume but not definite shape
What is a gas?
Neither definite shape nor volume
True or false: a change of state does not change the identity a substance
True
What are the symbols for a solid, liquid, gas, and aqueous solution?
Solid = s Liquid = l Gas = g Aqueous = aq
What is a mixture?
A mixture is a blend of at least two kinds of matter, each with its own properties and identity. (Can usually be separated)
Define homogeneous
Mixture with a uniform composition (same proportion throughout) AKA solutions
Define heterozygous.
Mixtures that aren’t uniform throughout
What are ways you can separate mixtures?
Filtration, vaporation, centrifuge, paper chromatography.
Define a pure substance
Fixed composition and always homozygous
What is an example of a pure substance?
Water because it has a fixed composition of hydrogen and oxygen
How do pure substances and mixtures differ?
What are the types of chemistry?
Organic - carbon containing
Inorganic - non organic
Physical - changes/properties of matter
Analytical - identification of parts of materials
Biochem - process of living things
Theoretical - use of math/computers with chemicals and new compounds
Where are metals on the periodic table?
They are to the right
Where are metalloids on the periodic table?
They are between metals and nonmetals, hugging the staircase
Where are nonmetals on the periodic table?
They are to the right.
What are columns of the periodic table called and what are they?
Groups or families; elements with similar properties
What are the rows on a periodic table called and what are they?
They are periods; they tend to be more similar if they are close then if they are far apart
What are properties of metals?
They are conductors, ductile, malleable, and they have tensile strength and luster.
What are properties of nonmetals?
Nonmetals are poor conductors and they are brittle.
What are properties of metalloids?
They share some characteristics of metals and nonmetals; they are solids at room temp, semiconductors, and somewhat brittle and malleable, and they have some luster.
What do the particles of a solid look like?
They are packed together and in a relatively fixed position
What do the particles of a liquid look like?
They are close but they can pass by each other.
What do the particles of a gas look like?
They are far apart and move rapidly
What are alkaline metals?
They are silver, soft, reactivate, and never alone in nature
What are alkaline earth metals?
They are harder, reactive (2nd to alkaline) and not alone in nature
What are halogen metals?
They are the most reactive non metals and they aren’t found in nature
What is the scientific method?
A logical method of solving problems by observing, collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing it, and formulating theories based on those tests.
What is qualitative data?
Non numerical information
Examples of qualitative data
Color, feeling, smell.
What is quantitative data
Numerical information
Examples of quantitative data
Height, weight, mass
What is a hypothesis?
A testable statement
What is a variable?
Things you cannot control or allow to change in an experiment
What is a control?
Something you don’t change in an experiment
What is a theory?
Generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomenon. Tested multiple times.
What is a model?
An explanation of how phenomenon occurs and how data or events are related. Comes after hypothesis and theory.
What is the SI unit for mass?
For m it is kilogram (kg)
What is the SI unit for length
For l it is meter (m)
What is the SI unit for time
For t it is second (s)
What is the SI unit for temperature?
For T it is kelvin (K)
What is weight
The gravitational pull on matter
What is the SI unit for volume?
For V it is cubic meter (m^3)
What is the SI unit for density?
For D it is kilograms per cubic meter
kg/m^3
What is volume?
The amount of space something occupies
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Mass is the measure of the amount of matter while weight is the measure of the gravitational pull on matter.
What is the formula for density?
m
D= —-
V
How to convert between °C and K
Add 273 to °C and subtract 273 to K
Dimensional analysis set up
Quantity sought = quantity given × conversion factor
What is accuracy?
The closeness of measurements to correct value
What is precision?
The closeness of a set of values to each other
Percentage error calculation
Experimental - excepted
———————————– × 100%
Excepted
