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BIOSCI 107 > Section 1: Cells & Tissues > Flashcards

Section 1: Cells & Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Structural organisation of the body (6 levels)

A

Chemical < Cellular < Tissue < Organ < System < Organismal

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2
Q

Structural level: Chemical

A

Building blocks of the body

e.g. atoms and molecules

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3
Q

Structural level: Cellular

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body (~200 types)
e.g. cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

Structural level: Tissue

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
e.g. cardiac muscle, muscle tissue

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5
Q

Structural level: Organ

A

Structures with specific functions composed of 2 or more types of tissue
e.g. stomach, heart

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6
Q

Structural level: System

A

Consists of related organs with a common function

e.g. circulatory, digestive

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7
Q

Structural level: Organismal

A

All parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism
e.g. the individual

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8
Q

Body systems (11 systems)

A 
Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Lymphatic and Immune
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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9
Q

Body system: Integumentary - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Protective

Major components:
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Hair follicles
Sweat glands - helps regulate body temperature
Oil glands
Nails
Sensory receptors
Hypodermis
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10
Q

Integumentary system: Cutaneous membrane (skin)

A

Epidermis:
Protects surface
Protects deeper tissues
Vitamin D production

Dermis:
Feeds epidermis; strength; glands

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11
Q

Integumentary system: Hair follicles

A

Hair follicles:
Sensation from innervation (nerves)

Hairs:
Protection

Sebaceous glands:
Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis - removes waste

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12
Q

Integumentary system: Sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation - evaporative cooling (sweat)
Type of merocrine gland
Breast tissue is modified sweat gland

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13
Q

Integumentary system: Nails

A

Stiffen and protect digits

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14
Q

Integumentary system: Sensory receptors

A

Detects sensations - touch, pressure, temp, pain

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15
Q

Integumentary system: Hypodermis

A

Fat stores - attaches skin to deeper layers

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16
Q

Body system: Muscular - principle function and major components

A

Principal function:
Movement

Major components:
Skeletal muscles
Axial muscles
Appendicular muscles
Tendons and aponeuroses
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17
Q

Muscular system: Skeletal muscles

A 
Provide skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory, and urinary system
Produce heat (shivering)
Support skeleton
Protect soft tissues
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18
Q

Muscular system: Axial muscles

A

Provide support and positioning of axial skeleton

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19
Q

Muscular system: Appendicular muscles

A

Support, move and brace limbs

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20
Q

Muscular system: Tendons and aponeuroses

A

Translate contractile forces into tasks
Tendon - muscle to bone connection
Aponeuroses - often muscle to muscle connection

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21
Q

Body system: Skeletal - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Support and protection

Major components:
Bones, cartilage and joints
Axial Skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, ligaments)
Appendicular skeleton: limbs and supporting bones and ligaments
Bone
Bone marrow

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22
Q

Skeletal system: Bones, cartilage and joints

A

Connects bones together

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23
Q

Skeletal system: Axial skeleton

A

Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax
Supports body weight over lower limbs

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24
Q

Skeletal system: Appendicular skeleton

A

Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs; enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

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25
Q

Skeletal system: Bone

A

Stores minerals and lipids

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26
Q

Skeletal system: Bone marrow

A

Red blood cell production (flat bones, pelvis, sternum, skill, ribs; lose with aging)

Yellow: stores of fat cells / adipose (found medullary cavity of long bones; gain with aging, can change to red after major bleeding)

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27
Q

Body system: Nervous - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities by generating action potentials

Major components:
CNS (Central Nervous System)
Brain
Spinal cord
Special senses (also considered part of PNS *except for optic nerve* which is part of CNS)
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
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28
Q

Nervous system: CNS

A

Control center

Short term control over other systems

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29
Q

Nervous system: Brain

A

Complex integrative activities

Controls voluntary and involuntary

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30
Q

Nervous system: Spinal cord

A

Relays information to and from brain

Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)

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31
Q

Nervous system: Special senses

A

Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium

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32
Q

Nervous system: PNS

A

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

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33
Q

Body system: Endocrine - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Release hormones to regulate body activities

Major components:
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus/Pitituary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Kidneys (due to major hormone producing cells)
Pancreas
Gonads
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34
Q

Endocrine system: Pineal gland

A

Day night rhythms

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35
Q

Endocrine system: Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland

A

Control other endocrine glands
Regulate growth
Fluid balance

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36
Q

Endocrine system: Thyroid gland

A

Metabolic rate

Calcium levels

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37
Q

Endocrine system: Parathyroid gland

A

Calcium levels

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38
Q

Endocrine system: Thymus

A

Maturation of lymphocytes

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39
Q

Endocrine system: Adrenal glands

A

Water and mineral balance
Tissue metabolism
Cardio and respiratory function

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40
Q

Endocrine system: Kidneys

A

Red blood cell production
Blood pressure up
Calcium levels

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41
Q

Endocrine system: Pancreas

A

Glucose control

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42
Q

Endocrine system: Gonads

A

An organ that produces gametes

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43
Q

Body system: Lymphatic and Immune - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Defense
Transport of lipids, proteins, and lymphoid cells

Major components:
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic fluid
B cells (mature in bone marrow) and T cells (mature in thymus)
Lymph nodes including tonsils
Thymus
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44
Q

Lymphatic and Immune system: Lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system

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45
Q

Lymphatic and Immune system: Lymphatic fluid

A

Lipids from gut

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46
Q

Definition of lipids

A

Fats and fatty acids

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47
Q

Lymphatic and Immune system: B cells and T cells

A

Cells that carry out immune responses

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48
Q

Lymphatic and Immune system: Lymph nodes (incl tonsils)

A

Monitor composition of lymph
Defense - engulf pathogens
Stimulate immune responses (e.g. lymphadenopathy)

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49
Q

Lymphatic and Immune system: Spleen

A

Monitors circulation blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle RBCs
Stimulates immune response

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50
Q

Lymphatic and Immune system: Thymus

A

Controls development and maintenance of T cell lymphocytes

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51
Q

Body system: Cardiovascular - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Transport of O2 and CO2
Regulation of water content and temperature

Major components:
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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52
Q

Cardiovascular system: Heart

A

Propels blood

Maintains blood pressure

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53
Q

Cardiovascular system: Blood vessels

A

Arteries - conveys blood from heart to capillaries
Capillaries - diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Veins - return blood from capillaries to heart

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54
Q

Cardiovascular system: Blood

A 
Transport of O2 and CO2
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Regulate temperature
Defense against illness (immune cells)
Acid base balance (-HCO3)
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55
Q

Body system: Respiratory - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Transfer of O2 and CO2 between blood and air

Major components:
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
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56
Q

Respiratory system: Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

A

Filter warm humidified air

Detects smells

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57
Q

Respiratory system: Pharynx

A

Conducts air to larynx

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58
Q

Respiratory system: Larynx

A

Protects opening to trachea

Contains vocal cords for vocalisation

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59
Q

Respiratory system: Trachea

A

Conducts air

Cartilage keeps it open

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60
Q

Respiratory system: Bronchi

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

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61
Q

Respiratory system: Lungs

A

Air movement
Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli
Acid base control

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62
Q

Body system: Digestive - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Digestion of food
Absorption of nutrients
Elimination of solid waste

Major components:
Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
*Small intestine*
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine and anus
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63
Q

Digestive system: Oral cavity

A

Breaks up food working with teeth and tongue

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64
Q

Digestive system: Salivary glands

A

Buffers and lubricant
Enzymes that begin digestion
Type of merocrine gland - releases products via exocytosis

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65
Q

Digestive system: Pharynx

A

Carries food and liquids to oesophagus

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66
Q

Digestive system: Oesophagus

A

Deliver food to stomach

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67
Q

Digestive system: Stomach

A

Secretes acid
Hormones
Enzymes

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68
Q

Digestive system: Small intestine

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorb nutrients

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69
Q

Digestive system: Liver

A

Secretes bile

Regulates nutrients in blood

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70
Q

Digestive system: Gallbladder

A

Concentrates bile

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71
Q

Digestive system: Large intestine and anus

A

Water removal

Waste storage and removal

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72
Q

Definition of bile

A

Alkaline fluid which aids digestion

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73
Q

Body system: Urinary - principle function and major components

A 
Principle function:
**Assist in production of blood cells and mineral balance**
Urine production
Storage and elimination
Regulation of blood volume
Major components:
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
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74
Q

Urinary system: Kidneys

A
  • Form and concentrate urine*
  • Endocrine function*
  • Regulate pH* and ions
  • Blood volume and blood pressure*
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75
Q

Urinary system: Ureters

A

Conduct urine to bladder

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76
Q

Urinary system: Bladder

A

Stores urine prior to elimination

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77
Q

Urinary system: Urethra

A

Conducts urine to exterior

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78
Q

EPO (Erythropoietin)

A

A glycoprotein hormone produced by interstitial fibroblasts in kidneys
Signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow
Increased activity of hemocytoblasts (RBC stem
cell) –> more RBC production –> allows blood to have greater O2 carrying capacity

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79
Q

Body system: Reproductive - principle function and major components

A

Principle function:
Production of sperm or gametes
Hormones regulate many processes

Major components (male):
Testes
Accessory organs
External genitalia

Major components (female):
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina and external genitalia
Mammary glands
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80
Q

Reproductive system: Testes (male)

A 
Produce sperm
Produce hormones (also in endocrine system)
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81
Q

Reproductive system: Accessory organs (male)

A 
Epididymis - sperm maturation
Ductus deferens - sperm from epididymis
Seminal glands - seminal fluid
Prostate gland - seminal fluid
Urethra - Sperm to exterior
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82
Q

Reproductive system: External genitalia (male)

A

Penis and scrotum - Reproduction and thermal control of testes

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83
Q

Reproductive system: Ovaries (female)

A

Oocytes and hormones (also in endocrine system)

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84
Q

Reproductive system: Uterine tubes (female)

A

Deliver oocyte

Location of fertilisation

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85
Q

Reproductive system: Uterus (female)

A

Embryonic development

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86
Q

Reproductive system: Vagina and external genitalia (female)

A

Lubrication
Sperm reception
Birth canal

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87
Q

Reproductive system: Mammary glands (female)

A

Nutrition of new-born

Modified sweat glands, so also part of the integumentary system

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88
Q

Histology

A

The microscopic study of tissues of the body

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89
Q

4 basic tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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90
Q

Epithelial tissue - description and major function(s)

A

Covers body surface
Lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts
Protects tissue beneath
Prevents water loss

*Protection (especially from abrasion)
Filtration/Selective barriers
Secretion (onto free surface)*
Absorption
Excretion
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91
Q

Connective tissue - description and major function(s)

A

Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance (incl. bone and blood)
Most diverse in appearance

Binds, supports and strengthens other body tissues and organs
Stores energy as fat
Transport (blood)
Main source of immune responses

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92
Q

Muscle tissue - description and major function(s)

A 
Description:
Contractile cells (muscle fibres/cells/myocytes)

Major function:
Generates physical force required to make body structures move
Force generated from hydrolysis of ATP from muscle fibres

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93
Q

Nervous tissue - description and major function(s)

A

Description:
Conducting nerve cells and supportive neuroglia

Major function:
Detects changes inside and outside the body and responds by generating nerve impulses

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94
Q

Anatomy vs physiology

A

Anatomy: the science of body structures and the relationships among them

Physiology: the science of body functions (how they work)

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95
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Two phases: catabolism (breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components) and anabolism (the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components)

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96
Q

What is responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

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97
Q

Movement includes…

A

Movement of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, as well as tiny structures inside cells

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98
Q

What is growth

A

An increase in body size that results from an increase in size of existing cells, increase in number of cells, or both
Note: tissues sometimes increase in size because the amount of material between cells increase

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99
Q

What is differentiation

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialised to a specialised state, i.e. stem cells

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100
Q

Stem cells

A

Precursor cells which can divide and give rise to cells which undergo differentiation

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101
Q

What is reproduction

A

Either:

  1. The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement (cell division), or
  2. The production of a new individual (fertilisation)
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102
Q

Homeostasis

A

The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to constant interaction of body’s regulatory processes
Dynamic condition
Body’s equilibrium can shift in response to changing conditions

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103
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid within cells

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104
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside body cells

Differs depending on where it occurs in body

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105
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Type of ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissue

Often called body’s internal environment

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106
Q

Types of ECF

A 
Blood plasma: within blood vessels
Lymph: within lymphatic vessels
Cerebrospinal fluid: around brain and spinal cord
Synovial fluid: in joints
Aqueous humor and vitreous body: in eyes
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107
Q

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the lungs would be detected during breathing by _____

A

Auscultation - the action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs (e.g. via stethoscope)

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108
Q

IGF

A

Insulin-like growth hormone - produced from anterior pituitary gland

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109
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Gigantism: too much GH from childhood
Acromegaly: too much GH as an adult

110
Q

Achieving maximum aerobic capacity

A
  1. Increased hb concentration and blood volume –> increased hemoglobin mass –> increased aerobic capacity
  2. Max heart rate and stroke volume –> max cardiac output –> max O2 uptake
  3. O2 affinity of the blood and mitochondrial respiratory capacity –> max O2 extraction –> max O2 uptake
111
Q

How are cells of an epithelium arranged and held together?

A

In continuous sheets as single or multiple layers

Held together by variety of cell junctions

112
Q

Types of cell junctions

A 
Lateral junctions:
Tight junction
Adherens junction
Gap junction
Desmosome

Basal junction:
Hemidesmosome

113
Q

Cytoskeleton

A 
Microfilaments (e.g. actin):
bundles beneath cell membrane and cytoplasm
Provide strength
Alter cell shape
Link cytoplasm to membrane
Muscle contraction
Tie cells together

Intermediate filaments (e.g. keratin)
Provides strength
Moves materials through cytoplasm

114
Q

Junctional complex

A

Combination of tight junction, adherens junction and desmosome

115
Q

Basement membrane composed of…

A
  1. Basal lamina: secreted by epithelial cells, contains collagen, laminin. Composed of glycoproteins
  2. Reticular lamina: produced by fibroblasts, contains fibrous proteins, e.g. fibronectin, collagen
116
Q

Where is basement membrane found

A

Between epithelium and connective tissue

117
Q

Epithelia - nerves and blood vessels?

A

Contain nerves

Don’t contain blood vessels (avascular)

118
Q

What occurs in the connective tissue

A

Exchange of nutrients and wastes via diffusion from vessels in connective tissue

119
Q

Functions of basement membrane

A

Support overlying epithelium
Provide surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth and repair
Act as physical barrier
Participates in filtration of substances in kidney

120
Q

Basement membrane; melanoma

A

BM can act as barrier to invasion by malignant melanoma

Once barrier has been penetrated, chances of metastasis/spread occurring increase

121
Q

Melanoma warning signs

A

Asymmetry - one half of a mole doesn’t match the other
Border irregularity - edges ragged or blurred
Colour: mix of brown, black, red, white or blue
Diameter: > 6mm

122
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Epithelia - covers exposed surfaces and internal cavities, often have scattered secretory cells in them
    a. Outer covering - of skin and some internal organs
    b. Inner lining - of blood vessels, ducts and body cavities, and interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
  2. Glands - secretory cells predominate
    a. Endocrine - hormones or precursors into interstitial fluid/bloodstream
    b. Exocrine - secrete onto external surfaces and into passages/ducts
123
Q

Covering and lining epithelia classified according to…

A
  1. The arrangement of cells in layers

2. The shapes of the cells

124
Q

Types of arrangement of epithelia

A

Simple: single layer
Secretion, absorption, filtration

Stratified: two or more layers
Protective

Pseudostratified: appears to have multiple layers

125
Q

Pseudostratified arrangement of epithelia

A

Not all cells reach apical surface

All cells are in contact with basement membrane, i.e. actually a simple epithelium (secretion)

126
Q

Types of shape of epithelia

A

Squamous: flat and thin
Helps allow passage by diffusion

Cuboidal: about as tall as they are wide
Secretion, absorption

Columnar: more tall than wide
Secretion, absorption

Transitional: stratified epithelium where cells can change shape from cuboidal to flat shape depending on organ shape (allow stretch)

127
Q

Types of covering and lining epithelia

A

Simple:
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar (ciliated and non-ciliated)

Stratified:
Stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized)
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Transitional
Pseudostratified:
Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated and non-ciliated)
128
Q

Simple squamous epithelium: features and specialised subtypes

A

Most delicate epithelium
Filtration (kidney), diffusion (lung), secretion where slippery surface needed

Mesothelium - lines pericardial, pleural, peritoneal cavities
Endothelium - lines inside of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels

129
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium: features

A

Secretion and absorption into or from surface

Distance between adjacent nuclei approx height of epithelium

130
Q

Simple columnar epithelium: features, specialised subtypes

A

More cytoplasm so more organelles
Major subtypes: non-ciliated and ciliated
Secretes mucous
Has oval nuclei near basal surface

Can have cilia or microvilli

131
Q

Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium: features

A

Microvilli on apical surface
Have goblet cells interspersed
Increase SA for absorption

132
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium: features

A

Single layer
Have goblet cells
Moves materials

133
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium: features

A

Located where mechanical or chemical stresses are severe

Protect against microbes

134
Q

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium: features and specialised subtypes

A

All cells contact base membrane but not all reach apical surface of tissue

Ciliated:
Cilia on some cells
Secrete mucus from goblet cells

Non-ciliated:
No cilia
No goblet cells
Absorption and protection

135
Q

Glands consist of…

A

A single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into blood

136
Q

Glands classified according to…

A

Where they secrete their substances

137
Q

Classification of glands

A 
Endocrine gland
Exocrine gland (apocrine, merocrine, holocrine)
138
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete directly into blood (often via traversing interstitial fluid)
e.g. pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

139
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Secrete into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering/lining epithelium
e.g. sweat, salivary, oil, wax, pancreas, sebaceous, mammary, goblet

140
Q

Pancreas glands

A

Mixed secreting into ducts and into blood

141
Q

Mucous cells

A

Individual secretory cells

Secrete mucin

142
Q

Characteristics used to describe structure of multicellular glands

A
  1. Structure of duct
  2. Structure of secretory area
  3. Relationship between the two
143
Q

How to tell if a gland is simple, branched, compound, or tubuloalveolar

A

Simple: has a single duct that doesn’t divide on it’s way to the gland cells
Branched: several secretory areas share a duct (refers to glandular areas, not to the duct)
Compound: duct divides one or more times onto its way to the gland cells
Tubuloaveolar: secretory cells form both tubes and sacs

144
Q

Types of multicellular exocrine glands

A 
Simple glands:
Simple tubular
Simple branched tubular
Simple coiled tubular
Simple acinar
Simple branched acinar

Compound:
Compound tublar
Compound acinar
Compound tubuloacinar

145
Q

Connective tissue is supplied with nerves with the exception of _______

A

Cartilage

146
Q

Major types of connective tissues

A

Fibroblasts (in loose and dense connective tissue)
Adipocytes (under skin and around organs)
Chondroblasts (in cartilage)
Osteoblasts (in bones)

In cartilage and bone, once extracellular matrix is produced, immature cells differentiate into mature cells; fibrocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes

147
Q

Blast cells vs mature cells

A

Blast cells:
Retain capacity for cell division
Secrete ECM

Mature cells:
Reduced capacity for cell division
Reduced ECM formation
Mostly involved in monitoring and maintaining ECM

148
Q

Fibroblasts

A 
Large, flat cells with branching processes
Found in all general connective tissues
Often most numerous
Migrate through connective tissues
Secrete fibres
Can be considered immature cells
149
Q

Macrophages

A 
Develop from monocytes (type of white blood cell)
Irregular shape - short branching projections
Perform phagocytis (engulf bacteria and cellular debris)

Fixed: reside in a particular tissue
Wandering: have ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sights of inflammation to perform phagocytis

150
Q

Plasma cells

A

Develop from B lymphocyte (type of WBC)
Secrete antibodies –> important part of immune response
Mostly found in connective tissue

151
Q

Mast cells

A 
Found in many connective tissues
Produce histamine (dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response)
152
Q

Adipocytes (aka fat cells or adipose cells)

A 
Connective tissue cells
Store triglycerides (fats)
153
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Not found in large numbers in normal connective tissue

Can migrate from blood into connective tissue in response to certain conditions (e.g. allergies, infections)

154
Q

Connective tissue is composed of…

A

ECM (extracellular matrix) + Cells

155
Q

ECM (extracellular matrix) is composed of…

A

GS (ground substance) + F (protein fibres; secreted by cells in ECM)

156
Q

What determines the quality of connective tissues?

A

Structure of ECM

157
Q

ECM: Ground substance is composed of…

A

H2O + proteins + polysaccharides (sugars; includes glycosaminoglycans (GAGS))

158
Q

Proteoglycans are composed of…

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) + proteins

159
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

A

Aka mucopolysaccharides
Long unbranched polysacchirides
Can be sulphated and non-sulphated

160
Q

Sulphated GAGS

A

Dermatan sulphate
Heparin sulphate
Keratan sulphate
Chondroitin sulphate

161
Q

Non-sulphated GAG

A

Hyaluronic acid (doesn’t bind directly to core protein)

162
Q

GAG: hyaluronic acid

A

Slippery
Traps water to make ground substance more jelly-like

Binds cells together
Lubricates joint
Maintains shape of eyeball

163
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Produced by WBC, sperm and some bacteria

Makes ground substance more liquid so they can move easily in it or makes access to egg easier for sperm

164
Q

GAG: Chondroitin sulphate

A

Support and provide adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

165
Q

GAG: Keratan sulphate

A

Found in bone, cartilage, cornea of eye

166
Q

GAG: Dermatan sulphate

A

Found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

167
Q

Types of connective tissue fibres in extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Collagen fibres
Reticular fibres
Elastic fibres

168
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

A hereditary defect in elastic fibres
Dominant mutation in chromosome 15 - codes for fibrillin
Body produces growth factor ‘Transforming Growth Factor beta’ (TGFb) - increases growth because does not bind normally to fibrillin to keep it inactive
Individuals often tall, long-limbed, chest deformity, normal lifespan, may have weakened heart valves and arterial walls
1/20,000 live births

169
Q

Fibrillin

A

Large glycoprotein

Contributes to a structural scaffold for elastin

170
Q

Types of fixed macrophages

A 
Dust cells (lung)
Kupffer cells (liver)
Langerhan's cells (skin)
171
Q

Types of embryonic connective tissues

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic)

Mucous

172
Q

Embryonic connective tissues: Mesenchyme

A

Gives rise to all other connective tissues, e.g. reticular, bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular
Contains mesenchymal/CT cells in a semi-fluid ground substance containing reticular fibres

173
Q

Embyronic connective tissues: Mucous CT

A

Has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly-like ground substance
Supports umbilical cord

174
Q

Types of mature connective tissues

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    a. Loose
    b. Dense
  2. Fluid connective tissues (specialised CT)
    a. Blood
    b. Lymph
  3. Supporting connective tissues (specialised CT)
    a. Cartilage
    b. Bone
175
Q

Mature CT: Types of loose CT

A

Loose = many cells, fewer fibres
Areolar CT (most common form)
Adipose CT
Reticular CT

176
Q

Types of dense CT

A

Dense = more fibres, fewer cells
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Dense elastic

177
Q

Types of Supporting CT: Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

178
Q

Supporting CT: types of bone/osseous tissue

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

179
Q

Cell types found in bones

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

180
Q

Parts of osteon

A

Lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Central (Haversian) canal

181
Q

Osteon structure - Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness and collagen

182
Q

Osteon structure - Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

183
Q

Osteon structure - Canaliculi

A

“minute canals”
Radiate from lacunae
Provides routes for O2, nutrients and waste

184
Q

Osteon structure - Central (Harversian) canal

A

Blood, lymph, nerves

185
Q

Process of bone formation after injury

A

Osteoclasts - reabsorb dead bone
Chondroblasts - lay down hyaline cartilage callus
Osteoblasts - lay down new bone
Osteoclasts - remodel new bone

186
Q

Liquid CT: Blood

A

Consists of blood plasma (liquid ECM) and formed elements (red and white cells and platelets)

187
Q

What do erythrocytes do

A

Transport O2 and CO2

188
Q

Leukocytes combat disease:

A
  1. Neutrophils and monocytes and phagocytic
  2. Basophils and mast cells release substances that intensity inflammatory reaction
  3. Eosinophils effective against certain parasitic worms and accurate allergic response
  4. Lymphocytes involved in immune response
189
Q

Platelets

A

Tiny blood cells which help body form clots to stop bleeding

190
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

191
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

192
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

193
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Attached to bones by tendons
Long cells
Striated
Multinucleate

Voluntary
Fibres cylindrical - stapedius (smallest) and sartorius (longest)

194
Q

Striations of skeletal muscle fibres are due to…

A

The highly organised arrangement of myofibrils within the cells

195
Q

Myofibrils

A

Pretty much fill the cytoplasm of muscle fibre and extend its entire length within the cell
Composed of myofilaments; overlapping thin (actin) and thick filaments (myosin)

196
Q

Myofilaments

A

Don’t extend the length of the muscle fibre

Arranged in compartments called sarcomeres

197
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of a myofibril

198
Q

What do Z discs/lines do

A

Separate sarcomeres

199
Q

Connective tissue of skeletal muscle

A 
Epimysium - surrounds anatomical muscle
Perimysium - around fascicles
Endomysium - around muscle fibres
Sarcolemma - around plasma membrane
Sarcoplasm - cell cytoplasm
200
Q

Striations in myofibril

A

A band - dark, middle part; contains all thick filaments
I band - thin filaments (no thick)
H zone - thick filaments (no thin)
M line - middle of sarcomere (holds thick filaments together)
Z disc - passes through centre of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of actinins that link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

201
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue - location, structure, control

A

Heart

Striated
May be branched
Single central nucleus
Intercalated discs

Involuntary

202
Q

Intercalated discs contain…

A

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

203
Q

Smooth muscle tissue - location, structure, control

A

In walls of hollow internal structures

Non-striated, but still have bundles of thin and thick filaments, as well as intermediate filaments which connect to dense bodies
Single, central nucleus

Involuntary

204
Q

Smooth muscle tissue - what happens during contraction?

A

Tension is transmitted to the intermediate filaments (which don’t contract), and the cell twists as it contracts about these stable ‘rods’

205
Q

Nervous tissue: major functions

A

Sensory - detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS
Integrative - analysis and storing of information
Motor - stimulation of effectors through PNS

206
Q

Nervous tissue: Types of cells

A

Neurons (nerve cells that can be very large)

Neuroglia (supportive cells - usually small)

207
Q

Neurons

A 
Longest cells in body
Conscious and unconscious control
Have a cell body, into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve impulses, and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue
Longevity
High metabolic rate
Specialised
Not high mitotic rate
208
Q

Neurons: Dendrites

A

The receiving/input part of the neuron

209
Q

Neurons: Axon

A

Carries nerve impulse away from neuron

210
Q

For our purposes, neurons…

A

Don’t divide

Have a high metabolic rate (die rapidly without O2)

211
Q

Neuroglia

A 
Found in CNS and PNS
Make up around half the volume of CNS
Smaller than neurons but more numerous
Don't propogate action potentials, but can communicate
Can divide within mature nervous system
212
Q

Neuroglia: Functions

A 
Physical structure of nervous tissue
Repair framework of nervous tissue
Undertake phagocytosis
Nutrient supply to neurons
Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
213
Q

Classification of neuroglia

A
  1. CNS neuroglia
    a. Astrocytes
    b. Oligodendrocytes
    c. Microglia
    d. Ependymal cells
  2. PNS neuroglia
    a. Schwann cells
    b. Satellite cells
214
Q

Electrical excitability

A

The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals, e.g. action potentials

215
Q

Repair and growth of cartilage

A

Interstitial growth - growth from within the tissue

Appositional growth - growth at outer surface of tissue

216
Q

Plaque

A

Dense layer of proteins inside plasma membrane

Purpose: to join cells together by allowing transmembrane glycoproteins from opposite side of plasma membrane into it

217
Q

Lymphatic system carries lipids from ______ to ______

A

Lymphatic system carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood

218
Q

Biopsy

A

A procedure that removes living tissue for examination

219
Q

What structures contain vascular tissues

A

Bone, adipose, cardiac muscle, areolar

220
Q

To reach gall bladder via abdominal wall into peritoneal cavity, you must cut through…

A 
Dense irregular tissue
Simple squamous
Keratinised stratified squamous
Skeletal muscle
Adipose
221
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma found in…

A

Epithelium

Carcinoma (cancer of epithelia) affects desmosomes

222
Q

Cell junctions allow…

A

Communication between adjacent cells by electrical and chemical signalling

223
Q

If skin can’t firmly attach to each other, antibodies are being produced against ______

A

Integrin

224
Q

Which connective tissue does epithelial depend on to survive?

A

Blood

225
Q

Is epithelial tissue or blood better equipped for diffusion of hormones into ECF?

A

Epithelial tissue

226
Q

Where are phagocytes more commonly found

A

In connective tissue as they move freely

227
Q

Feature of keratin

A

Water-resistant

228
Q

If no holocrine glands…

A

Skin becomes excessively dry for lack of oil from sebaceous glands

229
Q

Davidson’s disease; baby has severe watery diarrhea and malabsorption - this is due to….

A

Due to microvilli not fully developed

230
Q

Of the cell types found in CT, the most numerous and found in all general CTs are _______

A

Fibroblasts

231
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

A

Serous secretion

Mucous secretion

232
Q

In order to move mucous from respiratory tract, it requires…

A

Cilia, goblet cells, and elastic fibers

233
Q

Intima

A

Inner-most layer of blood vessels

234
Q

Epithelial tissue lining kidney tubules regulate…

A

Passage of water, salt, and urea

235
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secretes substances without any part of the gland being lost or damaged
Releases ribosomal products from cell in secretory vesicles by exocytosis

236
Q

Epithelial tissue lining small intestine regulates…

A

Passage of amino acids and glucose

237
Q

What type of exocrine gland are mammary glands

A

Apocrine

Compound/branched acinar

238
Q

Holocrine glands require…

A

Higher rate of mitosis based on how secretion occurs

239
Q

Purpose of cilia

A

Allows ability to move mucous, in conjunction with elastic fibers and goblet cells

240
Q

Hormones are produced in ____________ and are moved into ECF via ______

A

Hormones are produced in epithelial cells and are moved into ECF via diffusion

241
Q

What type of gland is a sebaceous gland

A

Holocrine gland

242
Q

Apocrine glands - function

A

Accumulates secretory product at apical surface of secreting cells

243
Q

Purpose of microvilli

A

Assist epithelial tissue in nutrient absorption

244
Q

Goblet cells and tight junctions produce…

A

A continuous layer of mucous

245
Q

Golgi complex and secretion

A

Golgi complex packages and modifies material into vesicles via merocrine secretion

246
Q

Apical cells of _________ are alive if tissue lacks _______

A

Apical cells of stratified squamous epithelia are alive if tissue lacks keratin

247
Q

What types of cells are often packed with keratin

A

Exposed epithelial cells that have potential for dehydration

248
Q

Goblet cells - hyperplasia

A

Increased mucous production

249
Q

Goblet cells and cilia are modifications of…

A

Columnar epithelial tissue

250
Q

If epidermis was burned, what tissue was damaged?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous tissue

251
Q

Amino simple squamous

A

Allows for easy passage of material but no protection

252
Q

_____ increase in number when the body has an infection

A

Leucocytes

253
Q

Heart valves, tendons, lung tissue, and blood vessels have ________ in common

A

Dermatan sulphate

254
Q

Reticular region of dermis provides…

A

Strength in numerous directions

255
Q

Back injury - slipped disc

A

Damaged fibrocartilage

256
Q

If vitamin C is present in low amounts, it affects…

A

Dense regular tissue
Fibrocartilage
Elastic CT

257
Q

If proportion of organic material in bone increases compared to inorganic material…

A

Bones become more flexible

258
Q

In a mobile joint, ______ covers the bone surface

A

Hyaline cartilage

259
Q

Structures affected by GAG defects

A

Blood
Bone
Tendons
Cartilage

260
Q

Once a clot forms, _____ invade the area to lay down a ______

A

Fibroblasts

Collagen matrix

261
Q

Lacunae/lacuna can hold what types of cells?

A

Osteocytes

Chondrocytes

262
Q

Cell body of neuron aka…

A

Soma

263
Q

Skeletal and cardiac muscles - sacromere

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscles have thick and thin filaments in their sacromeres

264
Q

A cell with predominance of RER is likely to produce large quantities of…

A

Proteins for secretion

265
Q

Main characteristic component of myelin

A

Lipid

266
Q

Goblet cells are… and have a high quantity of…

A

Unicellular exocrine glands - secrete onto surface of epithelium
Have a high quantity of golgi apparatus

267
Q

Where do hair follicles originate from

A

Dermis

268
Q

Multi-cellular endocrine glands - secretion

A

Secrete directly into blood (CT)

269
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is associated with its own…

A

Nerve supply

270
Q

Which layer in the duodenum wall contains the lamina propria

A

Mucosa

271
Q

The primary major component of marrow in the long bones of the adult body is…

A

Adipose

272
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete

A

Fibres (collagen, reticular and elastic fibres) and ground substance)

BIOSCI 107 (7 decks)

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