section 1: cell structure - topic 1: cells & organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of organism?

A

prokaryotes.
eukaryotes.

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2
Q

what organelles are found in an animal cell?

A

cell surface membrane.
RER.
nucleus.
nucleolus.
SER.
lysosome.
ribosome.
nuclear envelope.
golgi apparatus.
cytoplasm.
mitochondrion.

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3
Q

what organelles are found in a plant cell?

A

cell surface membrane.
RER.
nucleus.
nucleolus.
SER.
lysosome.
ribosome.
nuclear envelope.
golgi apparatus.
cytoplasm.
mitochondrion.

cell wall with plasmodesmata (‘channels’ for exchanging substances between adjacent cells).
vacuole (compartment that contains cell sap).
chloroplasts (organelles involved in photosynthesis)

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4
Q

what is the cell surface membrane?

A

the membrane found on the surface of animal cells & just inside the cell wall of plant cells & prokaryotic cells.
mainly made of lipids and proteins.

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5
Q

what is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.

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6
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

a rigid structure that surrounds plant cells.
mainly made of cellulose (carbohydrate).

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7
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

supports plant cells.

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8
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

a large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores.
the nucleus contains chromatin (which is made from DNA & protein) & often a structure called the nucleolus.

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9
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

controls the cells activities (by controlling the transcription of DNA).
DNA contains instructions to make proteins.
the pores allow substances (i.e. RNA) to move between the nucleus & the cytoplasm.
the nucleolus makes ribosomes.

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10
Q

what is a lysosome?

A

a round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure.

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11
Q

what is the function of a lysosome?

A

contains digestive enzymes - these are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane, and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.

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12
Q

what is a ribosome?

A

a very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
made up of proteins & RNA.
not surrounded by a membrane.

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13
Q

what is the function of a ribosome?

A

the site where proteins are made.

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14
Q

what is the RER?

A

a system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space.
surface is covered with ribosomes.

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15
Q

what is the function of the RER?

A

folds & processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.

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16
Q

what is the SER?

A

similar to the RER, but with no ribosomes.

17
Q

what is the function of the SER?

A

synthesises & processes lipids.

18
Q

what is a vesicle?

A

a small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane.

19
Q

what is the function of a vesicle?

A

transports substances in and out of the cell (via the plasma membrane) and between organelles.
some are formed by the golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum, whilst others are formed at the cell surface.

20
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

a group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound, flattened sacs.
vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.

21
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

processes & packages new lipids & proteins.
also makes lysosomes.

22
Q

what is a mitochondrion?

A

usually oval-shaped.
has a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form structures called Cristal.
the matrix is inside - contains enzymes involved in respiration.

23
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

the site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced.
mitochondria are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy.

24
Q

what is a chloroplast?

A

a small, flattened structure found in plant cells.
surrounded by a double membrane & has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes.
^ stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grant.
^ grant are linked together by lamellae - thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane.

25
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast?

A

the site where photosynthesis takes place.
some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana & other parts happen in the stroma ( a thick fluid found in chloroplasts).

26
Q

what is a centriole?

A

small, hollow cylinders made of microtubules (tiny protein cylinders).
found in animal cells, but only some plant cells.

27
Q

what is the function of a centriole?

A

involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

28
Q

what is cilia?

A

small, hair-like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells.
in cross-section, they have an outer membrane & a ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules inside, with a single pair of microtubules in the middle.

29
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

the microtubules allow the cilia to move.
this movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface.

30
Q

what is a flagellum?

A

flagella on eukaryotic cells are like cilia but longer.
they stick out from the cell surface membrane & are surrounded by the plasma membrane.
inside they’re like cilia too - 2 microtubules in the centre & 9 pairs around the edge.

31
Q

what is the function of a flagellum?

A

these microtubules contract to make the flagellum move.
flagella are used like outboard motors to propel cells forward.