Section 1 Flashcards
Muscle Imbalance
Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint.
Obesity
The condition of being considerably overweight.
BMI >= 30 or at least 30 lbs. over recommended weight for a height
Overweight
An individual whose weight is between 25 and 30 lbs. over recommended weight for a height.
BMI >= 25 to 29.9
BMI Equation
BMI = 703 X wt(lbs.)/ ht^2(in.^2)
BMI = wt(kg.)/ ht^2(m^2)
Blood Lipids
AKA cholesterol and triglycerides. Blood lipids are carried in bloodstream by protein molecules know as high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fats and proteins.
Type 1 Diabetes
Result of the pancreas not producing insulin, therefore blood sugar is not optimally delivered into cells and resulting in hyperglycemia.
Type 2 Diabetes
Pancreas produces sufficient insulin, however cells are resistant to insulin and do not allow for blood sugar to enter the cell resulting in hyperglycemia.
Deconditioned
State of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.
Proprioceptively enriched environment
An unstable (yet controllable) physical situation in which exercises are performed that causes the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms.
Phases of training
Smaller divisions of training progressions that far within the three building blocks of training.
Muscular endurance
A muscle’s ability to contract for an extended period.
Neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion.
Prime mover
The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power.
Superset
Set of two exercises that are performed back-to-back, without any rest time between them.
Rate of force production
Ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time.
Human movement system
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Nervous system
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making which produces the appropriate response.
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.
Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the effector site (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.
Central nervous system
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.
Muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of change.
Golgi tendon receptors
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of change.
Joint receptors
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Skeletal system
The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints.
Bones
Provides a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.
Remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone.
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone.
Epiphyseal plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
Medullar cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion.
Synovial joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
Muscular system
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.
Perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds the fascicles.
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Sarcomere
The functional unit of the muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
Heart
A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction.
Mediastinum
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
A specialized area of the cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat pulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles.
Atrium
The superior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles.
Ventricle
The inferior chamber of the heart the receives blood from its corresponding atrium and, in turn, forces blood into the arteries.
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.
Heart rate (HR)
The rate at which the heart pumps.
Cardiac output (Q)
Heart rate X stroke volume, the overall performance of the heart.
Blood
Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, carries nutrients, and oxygen to all parts of the body, and also rids the body of waste products.
Blood vessels
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.
Arteries
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart.
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels, and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and the tissues.
Veins
Vessels that transport blood from the capillaries towards the heart.
Arterioles
Small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries.
Venules
The very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins.
Respiratory system
A system of organs (the lungs and respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream.
Respiratory pump
Is composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration.
Inspiration
The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.
Expiration
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.
Diffusion
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion.
Bioenergetics
The study of energy in the human body.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. Metabolism is the process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.
Exercise metabolism
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.
Substrates
The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which includes starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar.
Glucose
A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat and to lesser extent protein, which serves as the body’s main source of fuel.
Glycogen
The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells. When carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells.
Fat
One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of fats, saturated and unsaturated.
Triglycerides
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.
Protein
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
A high energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.
beta-oxidation
The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules. CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP.
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Superior
Positioned above a point of reference.
Inferior
Positioned below a point of reference.
Proximal
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
Anterior (ventral)
On the front of the body.
Posterior (dorsal)
On the back of the body.
Lateral
Positioned towards the outside of the body.
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body.
Anatomic position
The position of the body with the arms at the sides and palms forward. The reference for anatomic nomenclature.
Sagittal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into right and left halves.
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit of range of motion.
Frontal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the body midline.
Adduction
A movement in the frontal plane back toward the body midline.
Transverse plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
External rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transfers plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Scapular retraction
Adduction of the scapula; shoulders blades move toward the midline.
Scapular protraction
Abduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.
Scapular elevation
Upward (Superior) motion of the scapula.
Eccentric muscle action
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Concentric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Isokinetic muscle action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Force-couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
Rotary motion
Movement of the bones around the joints.
Torque
A force that producers rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor control
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor learning
Integration of motor control to processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the to produce skilled movements.
Motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Muscle synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide moment.
Sensorimotor integration
The cooperation of nervous and muscular system gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Feedback
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
Internal feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
External feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
