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Metabolic endocrinology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does hormone mean in greek

Classical and modern definition of hormones

A

I excite, I arouse

Chemical messenger released by one type of cells and carried in the bloodstream to act on specific target cellls. Includes factors produced and used locally without entering the blood stream

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2
Q

Who is father of endocrinology

A

Ernest Starling

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3
Q

Why communication between cells is required

A
  • development from the fertilzed egg to the adult organism (differentiation)
  • Maintenance of the environment in which cells can live (homeostasis)
  • Reproduction

In multicellular organisms cells have to communicate

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4
Q

3 layers of signaling networks

A

Within the cells (intracellular)

Between groups of cells (tissues) intercellular

Between tissues (intertissual)

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5
Q

What process opposes networks change?

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

How old is the earth

when life evolved

when multicellular organisms evovled

A

earth-4.5 billion years

life-3.8 billion years

Multicellular- 600 million

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7
Q

Main control systems of the body

A

Nerbous system (direct connection between organs concerned)

Endocrine system (sending chemcial messages hoemones into circulation)

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8
Q

Different types of cells producing signals

A

Neuroendocrine- epinephrine form medulla

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9
Q

In what concentrations hormones are usually present and they can be made of

A
  • Very low in concentration
  • (ng/ml) or (pg/ml)

-Can be peptides (3 to > 180 aa), modified aa,
cholesterol based (steroids), synthesized from fatty
acids (prostaglandins) or gases (nitric oxide)

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10
Q

How many receptors each hormone has

A

only 1

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11
Q

decribe general pathway of cellular repsonse to a hormone for membrane bound receptor

A

-Recognition of
signal by receptor
-Change of
intracellular
network of proteins
-Activation of
target genes or
proteins
-Cellular response

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12
Q

What chemical nature anad their subclasses hormones can be

A

1) Lipids
-Steroids
-Eicosanoids
2) Proteins
-Short polypeptides
-Large proteins:
Chemical modification through glycosylation
3) Amino acid derivatives

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13
Q

What response a hormone can induce in general

A

Metabolic enzyme (activation/inactivation)->altered metabolism

Gene regulatory protein->altered gene expression

Cytoskeletal protein->altered cell shape or movement

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14
Q

What usual signals cell receive and when it willundergo programmed death

A

Basic ABC signals are always there

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15
Q

Derivatives of cholesterol: what structure they have, what properties, source and where found in cell

A

– Large molecule
• Hydrocarbon ring

oh group

hydrocarbon tail
– Highly hydrophobic
– Source
• Diet
• De Novo synthesis
– Found in cell membrane

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16
Q

derivatives of cholesterol and what characteristic they share

A

– Vitamin D
– Bile acid
• Lipid digestion
– Steroid hormones
• Sex steroids
• Adrenal steroids
– All cholesterol
derivatives contain
sterol ring

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17
Q

Do male and female sex hormones look alike?

A

Testosterone and estradiol have chemically very similar formula

The difference is in functional group and methyl group

But structurally 2 hormones are vey different

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18
Q

Steroid hormones classes and subclasses and what do they do

A

-Adrenal
• Mineralocorticoids
– Affect mineral homeostasis
• Glucocorticoids
– Affect glucose metabolism and
immune function
-Gonads (testis and ovaries)
• Estrogens
• Progestogens
• Androgens

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19
Q

Lipid hormones are metabolites of what acid

A

20 c fatty acid (arachidonic acid)

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20
Q

what chemicals can be produced from arachidonic acid and function

A

-Prostaglandins
– Produced by numerous
tissues and organs
• Originally isolated from
prostate gland secretion
• Inflammatory reaction
• Reproduction

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21
Q

Prostaglandinds and related compounds are collectively known as

A

Eicosanoids

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22
Q

IUPAC name for arachidonic acid

A

5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid

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23
Q

Example of SCAAs that serve as neurohormones

A

GnRH(10)

Oxytocin(9)

TRH(3)

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24
Q

Difference in structure and function of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin

A

vasopressin has 3-Phe and 8-Arg

Oxytocin 3-Ile, 8-Leu

Arginine vasopressin: Vasoconstriction/Water retention
Oxytocin: Milk ejection/Labor

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25
Subunits in large hormones are linked by
Disulfide bridges insulin, growth hormone)
26
tyrosine metabolites
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (t3)
27
Adrenal medulla produces what AAs metabolites
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine
28
How cells producing hormones can be localized
Cells that synthesize hormones may be clustered in endocrine gland or be interspersed as single cells in organs
29
Endocrine gands composition
Parenchyma (mass of cells) • Secretory cells – Blood vessels • Highly vascularized – No ducts
30
Permanent or transsitient endocrine glands
Pituitary, adrenal, pancreas – Ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
31
where neurins produce hormones
– Hypothalamus – Posterior pituitary – Adrenal medulla
32
How protein hormones are synthesized
– Transcription – Translation – Physical/chemical modification • Cleaving of long amino acid chain (preprohormones) to generate small peptide hormones (GnRH, oxytocin, TRH) • Interaction and linking of subunits • 3-D structure
33
what part of DNA is coding proteins
exons
34
3 types of translational modifications that mRNA undergoes
poly A tail Splicing Capping
35
When hormones becomem functional?
Hormones are synthesized as prohormones and then they are made fully functional at post translational modifications
36
What happens the first thing to the protein after translation if its destiny to be hormone
Cleavage of signaling peptide and it becomes a prohormone
37
4 types of post translational modifications to a prohormone
1) disulphide bonds formation ( that will help in creating three-dimensional structure) and/or cleavage of amino-acid terminal pro-hormone sequence (growth hormone or parathyroid hormone) 2) along protein is synthesized in the beginning and then it is broken down into different parts and only the parts that are needed for the cell are going to be left. The rest are ging to be digested (glucagon from pro-glucagon gene in alpha cells. The same gene in other cells of intestine, the other portion of the gene is going to be retained-\>GLP 3) one portion is cut out and other portions are reoriented (insulin) 4) alpha and beta portions of the hormone are synthesized in different genes and then are brought together (tropin hormones)
38
Signal peptide are cleaved by \_\_\_
Peptidases
39
formation of disulfide bridges happens at what AAs
Cysteins
40
Where hormones can be stored
In vesicles or granules from Golgi complex
41
Movement of vesicles to the cell mebrane is performed by
Microtubules (cytoskeleton) and microfilament
42
What vesicles with prohormone might also have and what is required to release prohormone
Activating peptidases (active only when they are released from vesicles), makes a prohormone into active hormone Signal is required to release a stored prohormone (exocytosis)- T and V SMEAR proteins with Ca release inducing exocytosis
43
How cells secreting protein hormones and steroid hormones are different
In steroid cells there are less rough ER and more smooth
44
Describe the process of steroid hormone synthesis
Cholesterol is transported to mitochondria and converted to pregnenolone. It is transported out of mitochondria into smooth ER, where it is converted to progesterone and then it can be processes further depending on the cell type
45
are steroid hormones stored
No
46
What hormones can freely circulate in blood
Protein hormones and catecholamines
47
Why steroid hormones are not stored
Because they are lipid soluble and they can pass through vesicles
48
Steroid hormones are transported by
Specific proteins for each hormones Thyroxin binding globulin, etc.
49
Binding proteins act as a buffer influencing \_\_\_\_
half-life and bioavailability
50
Short protein hormones and peptides are degraed by __ aand thus they have __ life Large protein hormones haave ___ life
Proteolytic enzymes Short half-life Longer half-life, because of extensive glycosylation
51
What can control synthesis ad secretion of hormones
=Neural inputs – Brain – Hypothalamus = Hormonal stimulation/inhibition – Releasing factors/hormones – Inhibitory factors – Feedback system = Metabolic status – Stress – Blood concentrations of substances • Ca • Glucose • Water
52
Explain general 2 hormone feedback system
53
Endocrine disorders classification
v Overproduction v Underproduction v Altered tissue response v Tumors of endocrine organ v Excessive hormone metabolism
54
Lack of GH will cause
– Children: Dwarfism – Adults: Atrophy of muscle tissue etc.
55
Lack of cortisol and aldosterone will lead to ___ disease and what are the signs
Addison disease. Lack of hormones increases ACTH secretion by the pituitary (removes –ve feedback). Co-secreted melanocyte stimulating hormone also increases. Leads to bronzing (darkening)
56
where hormones are usually metabolized
Liver, some of them in the lungs
57
What step in steroid hormone synthesis can lead to defective hormone
Any defective enzyme in the path synthesis will lead to accumulation of intermediates
58
2 types of rhythms that entraine the brain to regulate hormone release
24 hour cycle:circadian rhytgm Longer cycles: infradian rhytm (28 day menstrual cycle)
59
When rhytms should be taken in account and when they can be change and example of circadian rhythms+hormones
Examples of circadian rhythms: – Cortisol secretion: maximal between 4-8 a.m. – GH, PRL maximal secretion 1h after going to sleep v Rhythms may change during development – Gonadotrophin: Released mainly at night during puberty. Released in a pulsatile fashion in adults. v Rhythms have to be taken into account when measuring hormone levels
60
Circadian rhythm proteins are secreted where
In the liver ( getting signals from hypothalumus or hormone signal)
61
Hourses are seasonal animals because
They breed only in summer

Metabolic endocrinology (9 decks)

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