Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Metabolic endocrinology > Endocrine energy regulation > Flashcards

Endocrine energy regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What other hormones apart from insulin and glucagon can influence glucose homeostasis

A

Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Secretin
Cholecystokinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the only hormone that lowers bood glucose

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What receptors are stimulated by insulin and which by glucagon/epinephrine

A

Insulin- RTK

Glucagon, epinephrine ->GPCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how endocrine portion of pancreas in called

A

Islets of langernas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is secreted by acinar and duct cells? to what portion of paracrine they are referred?

What cells are founf in islets of langerhans and what they secrete

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide are produced apart from pancreas?

A

Gastrointestinal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is morphology of islets of Langerhans

A

islets highly vascularized (5 to 10 x blood flow of exocrine pancreas)
v blood first supplies centrally located B cells i.e. detects glucose levels
v then blood travels to more peripheral A and D cells i.e. exposed to insulin secreted by B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how islet cell hormones interact between each other?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How glucagon and insulin are produced?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are nutrients, gastrointestinal hormones, hormones and autonomic nerves which control the release of insulin form beta cells

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

major factors controlling insulin secretion

A

epinephrine through alpha receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what nutrients, GI hormones, hormones and nerves control release of glucagon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the longest nerve in our body

A

Vagus nerve, number 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the functional of vagus nerve

A

v Acts as a sensory neuron and
as a motor neuron (providing
and receiving signals from
peripheral organs)

v Main neuronal coordinator of
appetite control, digestion
and metabolism

v Release of acetylcholine
(cholinergic) in the pancreas
stimulates insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how insulin get released from beta cells

A
  1. v Uptake of glucose by the type 2 facilitative glucose transporter (Glut 2)
  2. Aerobic glycolysis and increase of the ATP/ADP ratio.
  3. Inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+ channels → reduction of K+ efflux → membrane depolarization
  4. Opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels (VDCC)
  5. Increased intracellular Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of insulin containing granules
  6. Opening of Ca2+ activated potassium channels (K-Ca), leading to the repolarization of the membrane (resetting)
  7. Metabolic coupling factors generated during glucose metabolism facilitate exocytosis and/or proinsulin synthesis (amplification pathway). Examples are plasma FFA (stimulates exocytosis via G-protein receptor) and intracellularly formed succinate.
  8. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1 from intestine) or related peptides bind to GLP-1 receptors and trigger cAMP production. It potentiates the amplification pathway, ion channels and exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is happeing with glucose metabolism overall after meal and when fasting

A
17
Q

what is normal glucose level during fasting , after meal and when glycosuria

A

v Serum glucose in the fasting stage 3-5 mM
v Rise to 7 mM after meal (glycosuria if exceeding 10 mM)

18
Q

anabolic effects of insulin

A

synthesis of protein, lipid and glycogen and
inhibition of their degradation (usage of glucose)

v Insulin promotes cell growth. It is essential for normal growth and
development

19
Q

Key target tissues of insulin

A

Insulin promotes glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
by increasing the Glut 4 transporters on the cell surface

and cardiac muscle

20
Q

is insulin stopped to be secreted ever?

A

Insulin is continuously secreted to enable peripheral tissues to uptake glucose

21
Q

Glucose supresses ___ (hormone) secretion

A

GH, which reduces glucose uptake and increases lypolysis

22
Q

where glut2,glut 3, glut 4 is found and their specifics

A
23
Q

how facilitated uptake via glut 2 is maintained

A

The concentration gradient of (non-phosphorylated) glucose

24
Q

insulin receptor-> ___ pathway->glut 4 is brought to the surface

A

PI3K pathway

25
Q

glucagon functions through which GPCR

A

adenylyl cyclase and PKA

26
Q

how glucagon increases glucose blood concentration

A

it induces phosphorylase-> increased glycogenolysis

27
Q

does glucagon affect muscles?

A

No, because msucles do not have glucagon receptors

28
Q

compare glucagon, GLP-1, GLP2

A
29
Q

Name functions of insulin on liver, muscle and adipose tissue

A
30
Q

what viruses cacn destroy beta cells

A

Enterovirus, Rotavirus, Mumpsvirus and Cytomegalovirus

31
Q

what immune cells kill beta cells

A

Autoantibodies from CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells

32
Q

what locus is the strongest risk factor for T1DM

A
33
Q

3 stages where T2DM can be developed

A

Pre-receptor
v Autoantibodies against insulin
v Mutant insulin (missing or
retained peptide)

Receptor
v Low number or affinity
v Autoantibodies against the
receptor

Post-receptor
v Deficient signal mediators
v Low expression of Glut4

34
Q

how obesity predisposes t2DM

A
35
Q

4 places on which somatostatin acts

A
36
Q

function of PP

A

Reduces appetite
v Powerful inhibitor of the secretion of digestive
enzymes of the pancreas

v Blocks contraction of the gall bladder (inhibitor of bile
secretion)

37
Q

PP concentration increases when

A
38
Q

Usually gut hormones inhibit hunger,except for one, which one

A

Hunger

39
Q
A

Metabolic endocrinology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions