Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DiGeorge syndrome lymphatic abnormality

A

Underdeveloped paracortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lymph drainage (top to bottom)

A 
Cervical
Hilar
Mediastinal
Axillary
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Internal iliac
Para-aortic
Superficial inguinal
Popliteal
  • *Right lymphatic duct drains right body above diaphragm
  • *Thoracic duct drains everything else into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spleen organization

A

White pulp inside rings of red pulp with “barrel hoop” BM

White pulp: contains T cells in periarteriolar lymphatic sheath + B cells in follicles

Marginal zone is between red and white, contains APCs and specialized B cells

Macrophages found nearby remove encapsulated bacteria and IgM –> complement activation –> opsonization of it and killing of encaps bacteria

Vasculature and RBCs in red pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of PAMPs

A

Pattern-associated molecular patterns recognized by PRRs (eg Toll-like receptors):

ex: LPS (G- bacteria), flagellin (bacteria), ssRNA (viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MHC I vs MHC II

A

MHC I encoded by HLA-A, B, C genes

Binds TCR and CD8 receptor - presents endogenous antigens (intracellular material) to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (delivered to MHCI in RER by TAP)

MHC II encoded by HLA-Ds, presents exogenous antigen to CD4+ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HLA A3 mutation

A

Hemochromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HLA B27 mutation

A

PAIR:

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis of IBD
Reactive arthritis/Reiter syndrom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HLA DQ2/DQ8 mutation

A

Celiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HLA DR2

A

MS, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HLA DR3

A

T1 DM, SLE, Graves, Hashimoto thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HLA DR4

A

RA, T1DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HLA DR5

A

Pernicious anemia, Hashimoto thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three ways to induce NK cells to kill

A
  1. Exposure to nonspecific activation signal on target cell
  2. Lack of MHCI on target cell surface
  3. CD16 binds Fc region of antibody-antigen complex, activating NK cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treg surface receptors

A

CD3, CD4, CD25, FOXP3

Make anti-inflamm cytokines (eg IL-10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Th1 (helper T) - activated by ___, activates ____, inhibited by

A
  • activated by IFN-gamma and IL-12
  • activates macrophages and CD8 cells by secreting IFN-gamma
  • inhibited by IL-4 and 10 (from Th2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Th2 (helper T) - activated by ___, activates ___, inhibited by ___

A
  • activated by IL-4
  • secretes IL-4,5,10,13 to recruit eos and promote IgE production to fight parasites
  • inhibited by IFN-gamma (from Th1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T and B cell activation steps

A

APC (dendritic cell) samples and processes antigen –> lymph node –> presents antigen via MHC to activate T cell via TCR and costim (B7 on dendritic cell binds CD28 on T cell) –> T cell activated

Activated Th finds B cell that has picked up the antigen and binds/activates it; costim = CD40 rec (on B cell) and CD40L (on Th) –> turns B on –> class switching, affinity maturation, Ig production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lymph node organization

A

Follicle - B cell (primary = dormant; 2ary = active, pale centers)

Medulla - cords (lymphs and plasma cells) and sinuses (retics and macrophages)

Paracortex (T cells, expands during CMI, contains HEV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IgM

A

Produced in primary (immediate) response to antigen

Doesn’t cross placenta!

Switches isotype in lymph nodes via gene rearrangement –> IgA, IgE, IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

IgG

A

Secondary (delayed) response to antigen

Crosses the placenta –> passive immunity

Fixes complement –> opsonization, neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thymus-dependent vs -independent antigens

A

Dependent: antigen contains protein component so can be processed and presented to B cells by Th1 –> memory B cells

Independent: antigens lack peptide component (eg LPS) so can’t be presented by MHC to T cells –> weakly or nonimmunogenic

22
Q

Acute phase reactants are made in the ___ and induced by ___

A

Liver, IL-6

23
Q

Acute-phase reactants

A 
CRP (opsonin)
Ferritin (sequesters iron)
Fibrinogen (coag, endoth repair)
Hepcidin (prevents release of iron bound by Ferritin)
Serum amyloid A

Decreased with inflamm:
Albumin (saves AAs for increased reactants)
Transferrin (less of it –> sequestration of iron)

24
Q

Complement pathways

A

Classic - IgG/M complexes (G- opsonization; starts with C1)
Lectin - mannose and lectin on bacterial surfaces (pathway starts with C1-like complex and C4 –> C3 convertase)
Alternative respond to microbial surfaces (pathway starts with C3)

All end in C3 –> C3b –> C4b2b3b (C5 convertase) which turns C5 into C5b, at which point C6-9 enter and form the membrane attack complex (MAC)

25
Q

Inhibitors of complement on self cells

A

Delay-accelerating factor (DAF, aka CD55)

C1 esterase inhibitor

26
Q

C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency

A

Can’t inhibit complement, Get Hereditary angioedema

ACEi contraindicated

27
Q

C3 deficiency

A

Increases risk of infection and susceptibility to type 3 hypersensitivity

28
Q

C5-C9 deficiency

A

Increased susc to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia

29
Q

Cytokines (ILs)

A

Hot T-bone stEAK

IL-1: fever, secreted by macrophages (OC activating, acute inflamm, activates endothelium to express adhesion mcs + induce chemokines to recruit WBCs)

IL-2: stimulate T cells (secreted by T cells)

IL-3: stimulate bone marrow (secreted by T cells)

IL-4: stimulate IgE production (induces differentiation of T cells to Th2, secreted by Th2 cells, enhances class switching to IgE)

IL-5: stimulate IgA production +growth of eos, promotes differentiation of B cells, secreted by Th2 cells

IL-6: produce aKute-phase proteins and causes fever, secreted by macrophages

IL-8: Chemotactic factor for neutrophils, secreted by macrophages

IL-10: attenuates immune response, secreted by Th2 (decreased expression of MHC II and Th1 cytokines, inhibits APCs)

IL-12: released by macrophages -> T cells differentiate into Th1 and NK cells activated

TNF-alpha: activates endothelium –> septic shock

IFN-gamma: Th1 cells secrete it to activate macrophages and more NK cells (Th1)

30
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

A

Defective enzymes (especially NADPH oxidase) make phagocytic cells unable to generate ROS, which would activate the phagocytic cells –> kill bug

Rely on bug to make ROS, so increased susc to bugs that neutralize their ROS (catalase positive bugs)

31
Q

B7 surface protein

A

on APCs with MHCII, serves as co-stim second signal by binding to CD28 on T cells and thus activating them

32
Q

CD40L

A

surface protein on Helper T cells (CD4+) that serves as co-stim second signal, activating B cells and macrophages

33
Q

CD21

A

EBV receptor on B cells

34
Q

CD 19, 20, 21

A

surface proteins on B cells

35
Q

CD14

A

macrophage surface protein - directly stimulated by endotoxins/LPS (G-) –> phagocytosis of bug

aka TLR4

36
Q

CD16

A

NK cell surface protein - binds Fc of IgG

37
Q

CD56

A

unique marker for NK cells (surface protein)

38
Q

CD34

A

hematopoeitic stem cell surface protein

39
Q

Examples of live attenuated vaccine

A

MMR, Polio (Sabin), Varicella, Flu (intranasal), Yellow fever

40
Q

Examples of inactivated or killed vaccine

A

Rabies, Influenza (IM), Polio (Salk), Hep A

41
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

Antigen binds preformed (fast) IgE, which is cross-linked and bound to pre-sensitized mast cells and basophils

Binding –> release of vasoactive amines (eg histamine)

42
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

IgM, IgG bind antigen that’s fixed to cell and target that cell for destruction by complement, opsonization/phag, or antibody-mediated cell dysfxn

Test with Coombs (direct - Ig on RBCs, or indirect - serum Ig that can adhere to RBCs)

43
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

Ag-Ig complexes form, bind complement, and attrack PMNs, which release lysosomal enzymes

Serum sickness - complexes deposited in membranes, fix complement there and –> tissue damage within 5-10 days of exposure, fever, urticaria, arthralgia etc

Arthus rxn = serum sickness but in skin (antigen = intradermal)

44
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Delayed, T cell mediated

T cells find antigen and release cytokines –> activate macrophages (no Ig involved)

45
Q

Hypersensitivity disorders

A

Type I - rhinitis, hay fever, eczema, anaphylaxis (eg bee sting)

Type II - AIHA, bullous pemphigoid, Goodpasture, Graves, Guillain-Barre, MG, pemphigus vulgaris, pernicious anemia, RF

Type III - Arthus, Serum sickness, SLE, PSGN

Type IV - Contact dermatitis, GVHD, MS, PPD

46
Q

Aldesleukin

A

Recombinant IL2 used to treat RCCA and metastatic melanoma

47
Q

Filgrastim and Sargramostim (“-stim”)

A

Recombinant G(M)-CSF used for bone marrow recovery

48
Q

IFN-alpha

A

Chronic hepatitis, Kaposi sarcoma, malignant melanoma

49
Q

IFN-beta

A

MS

50
Q

IFN-gamma (treats what?)

A

CGD

51
Q

Recombinant cytokines used to treat thrombocytopenia

A

Romiplostim, eltrombopag, Oprelvekin (IL-11)

52
Q

CD28

A

costim receptor on T cells, binds to B7 on APC

Immunology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions