Section 1 Flashcards
Who is a personal trainer?
An individual who educates and trains clients in the performance of safe and appropriate exercises to effectively lead their clients to optimal health.
What percentage of Americans remain sedentary?
25%
List 8 areas of knowledge a personal trainer should know.
Exercise programming, exercise physiology, functional anatomy and biomechanics, assessment and fitness testing, nutrition and weight management, basic emergency procedures and safety, program administration, human behavior/motivation.
Where does the energy come from that fuels our physical activity?
Carbs, protein, and fats.
What is homeostasis?
The automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
List an define the two phases of metabolism.
Anabolism - the building up of complex chemical compounds from simpler compounds
Catabolism - the breaking down of complex chemical compounds into simpler compounds
What is BMR and how does it relate to our metabolic set point?
The basal metabolic rate is the homeostasis for ones own caloric need for daily activity determined by ones own metabolic set point.
What is the relationship between a kilocalorie and a calorie?
A kilocalorie is the measurable unit of a calorie which represents a unit of heat (energy) released from food.
What is the thermogenic effect?
The heat liberated from a particular food is a measure not only of it energy but also as its tendency to be burned as heat.
What is the respiratory quotient?
A method of determining the “fuel mix” being used giving us a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy
What is ATP?
The molecule that stores energy in a form that can be used for muscle contractions.
What is the ATP/CP pathway?
ATP and CP provide anaerobic sources of phosphate-bond energy, the energy liberated from hydrolysis of CP re-bonds with ADP and Pi forming ATP.
What is the glycolytic pathway?
Glucose is broken down to produce energy anaerobically.
What is the oxidative pathway?
Oxygen combines with lactic acid resynthesizing glycogen to produce energy aerobically.
List the levels of organization in the human body.
Chemical: atoms and molecules Cellular: organelle and cells Tissue Organ Body system Organism
What are the cellular components that make up a cell?
Plasma membrane Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria
What are the four types of tissues in the body?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What are the systems that make up the body?
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
What is the respiratory system and it’s role?
Consists of lungs and air passageways, supplies oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide.
Explain the circulatory system and it’s role.
Consists of the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system and serves as the transportation system of the body.
What are the components of blood?
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
What is the role of the heart in training?
Takes oxygen laden blood from the lungs and distributes it to the body while also removing carbon dioxide from the blood.
Explain the digestive system and it’s role.
Consists of digestive tract and glands that secrete juices into the digestive tract. Responsible for the breakdown of food and waste elimination.
What is the nervous system and it’s two major parts?
Comprised of the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves. Regulates all other systems.
Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord. Receives messages and after interpreting sends instructions to the body.
Peripheral nervous system: relays messages from the CNS to the body and to the CNS from the body.
Explain the relationship between the endocrine system and nervous system.
The two systems work together in regulating metabolic activities.
Explain the role of hormones in the body.
They regulate growth and development, help us cope with both physical and mental stress, they regulate all forms of training responses including protein metabolism, fat mobilization, and energy production.
How long does it take to replenish ATP? CP?
3.5 minutes. 8 minutes.
What six elements comprise 98% of the human body?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous.
What six systems are pertinent to health, physical fitness, and personal training?
Respiratory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, and muscular systems.
The training effect does what three things for blood vessels?
- Enlarges them making them more pliable to pressure.
- Increases their number for saturation coverage.
- Helps keep their linings clear of corrosive materials.
What does rennin do? Pepsin? Lipase?
Rennin works on milk protein preparing it for pepsin. Pepsin breaks done protein in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Lipase is the enzyme that breaks down fat molecules.
What are proprioceptors?
Receptors found in joints, muscles, tendons, and the inner ear, are responsible for picking up messages such as body position and movement.
What are exteroceptors?
Receptors found near the surface of the skin, which receive information from outside the body such as sight, touch, pressure, heat or cold.
What are interoceptors?
Receptors found in the blood vessels and viscera, which report inner body sensations such as hunger, thirst, pain, pressure, fatigue or nausea.
What three main things does the nervous system do for the human body?
- Senses changes inside and outside of the body.
- Interprets those changes.
- Responds to the interpretations by initiating action in the form of muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
What three ways will hormones act?
- Alter the rate of synthesis of your cellular protein.
- Change the rate of enzyme activity.
- Change the rate of transport of nutrients through the cell wall.
Explain the role of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).
GHRH stimulates HGH release from the anterior pituitary, while hypothalamic somatostatin inhabits it.
