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Personal Trainer > Key Terms: Units 1, 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Key Terms: Units 1, 2 & 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Training effect

A

An increase in functional capacity of muscles and other bodily tissue as a result of increased stress (overload) placed on them.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical process occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

The building up of complex chemical compounds from simpler compounds.

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

The breaking down of complex chemical compounds into simpler compounds.

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6
Q

Metabolic set point

A

The base rate of metabolism that your body seeks to maintain.

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7
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The minimum energy required to maintain the body’s life function at rest.

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8
Q

Kilocalories

A

The amount of energy released when food is digested.

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9
Q

Calorie

A

A unit of heat.

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10
Q

Thermogenic effect

A

The heat liberated from a particular food is thus a measure not only of its energy content but also of its tendency to be burned as heat.

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11
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

A method of determining the “fuel mix” being used giving us a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy.

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12
Q

Pyruvate

A

A byproduct of glycolysis.

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13
Q

Beta oxidation

A

A series of reactions in which fatty acids are broken down.

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14
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Citric acid cycle; a set of 8 reactions, arranged in a cycle, in which free energy is recovered in the form of ATP.

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15
Q

Electron transport

A

The passing of electrons over a membrane aiding in a reaction to recover free energy for the synthesis of ATP.

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16
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of similar cells and their intracellular substances.

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17
Q

Fatty acids

A

Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils.

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18
Q

Triglycerides

A

The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group.

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19
Q

Insulin

A

A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.

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20
Q

Glucose

A

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

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21
Q

Glycogen granule

A

Structure of the cell that stores glycogen and enzymes for glycogen breakdown and synthesis.

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22
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Chemical process that converts lactate and private back into glucose.

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23
Q

Glycolysis

A

The metabolic process that creates energy from the splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid or lactic acid and ATP.

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24
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of flat, scale-like or plate-like cells.

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25
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of elongated and somewhat cylindrical cells projecting toward the surface.

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26
Q

Glandular

A

Of, or relating to, affecting, or resembling a gland or it’s secretion.

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27
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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28
Q

Ligaments

A

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage.

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29
Q

Integumentary system

A

Bodily system consisting of the skin and it’s associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

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30
Q

Skeletal system

A

System consisting of bone and cartilage that supports and protects the body.

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31
Q

Muscular system

A

System consisting of skeletal muscles that allow us to move, cardiac muscle in the heart, and smooth muscles of the internal organs.

32
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Subsystem of the circulatory system, which protects the body against disease.

33
Q

Urinary system

A

Main excretory system of the body, which consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.

34
Q

Reproductive system

A

System consisting of gonads, associated ducts, and external genitals concerned with sexual reproduction.

35
Q

Respiratory system

A

System consisting of the lungs and air passageways, which supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

36
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An oxygen transporting protein found in the blood cells.

37
Q

Vital capacity

A

The usable portion of the lungs.

38
Q

Maximum minute volume

A

The amount of air that a person can process during one minute of vigorous exercise.

39
Q

Residual volume

A

The remainder of the air in the lungs after the usage lung volume has been measured.

40
Q

Circulatory system

A

System consisting of the heart and blood vessels that serves as the transportation system.

41
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of blood.

42
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissue; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus. (Red blood cell)

43
Q

Leukocyte

A

Cell whose primary function is to combat infections. (White blood cell)

44
Q

Platelet

A

Cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma that functions to promote blood clotting.

45
Q

Alveoli

A

Capillary-rich air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

46
Q

Law of Gaseous Diffusion

A

Principle that states that a gas will move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

47
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart.

48
Q

Anaerobic

A

Occurring without the use of oxygen.

49
Q

Aerobic

A

Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen.

50
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

An automatic system that speeds up most activities in the body.

51
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Two glands that release hormones that help the body to cope with stress.

52
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during one contraction.

53
Q

Left ventricle ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood inside the left ventricle pushed out into the body after contraction.

54
Q

Max VO2 uptake

A

The maximum usable portion of oxygen uptake.

55
Q

Digestive system

A

System consisting of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. Responsible for the breakdown of foods and waste elimination.

56
Q

Digestion

A

The process of mechanical or chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules.

57
Q

Macronutrients

A

A category of nutrients, including carbs, proteins, and fats, that are present in foods in large amounts.

58
Q

Fructose

A

Fruit sugar.

59
Q

Lipogenesis

A

The formation of fat.

60
Q

Nervous system

A

System comprised of the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves. Regulates other systems.

61
Q

Nerve impulse

A

A brief reversal of the membrane potential that sweeps along the membrane of a neuron.

62
Q

Central nervous system

A

System comprised of the brain and spinal column.

63
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Relays messages from the CNS to the body, and relays messages to the CNS from the body.

64
Q

Efferent system

A

System designed to cause action; consists of the somatic and autonomic systems.

65
Q

Somatic system

A

System responsible for voluntary action.

66
Q

Autonomic system

A

System that processes and activates involuntary action.

67
Q

Afferent system

A

The part of the PNS that sends messages to the CNS.

68
Q

Contraction

A

The shortening of a muscle or increase in tension.

69
Q

Endocrine system

A

System consisting of the glands and tissues that release hormones. It works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities.

70
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels, thus opposing the action of insulin.

71
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Process describing the cleavage of glucose from the glycogen molecule.

72
Q

Growth hormone (HGH)

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that affects skeletal growth rate and bodily weight gain.

73
Q

Epinepherine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes the “flight or fight” response.

74
Q

Cortisol

A

A corticosteroid that causes a breakdown of protein in muscles.

75
Q

Ketosis

A

An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carb diet, fasting or starvation.

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