section 1 Flashcards
psychological definition of sound
auditory sensation of what you hear
what is the opposite of absorbtion of sound
reflection of sound
how many decibels is six bels
sixty
if one hundred twenty five Hz is the fundamental then what is two hundred fifty Hz
the first overtone and the second harmonic
what is a complex wave
combination of 2 or more sine waves
concerning the propagation of sound, what is true
it is the disturbance that moves
how many degrees are there in one cycle of a sine wave
three hundred sixty degrees
the velocity/speed of sound is
is close to 1130 feet/second
doppler effect
the apparent increase or decrease in the frequency of a sound due to the movement of either the source or the observer
five hundred Hz sound
means that five hundred complete cycles occur in one second
nodes
points of the vibrating system at which displacement remains zero
antinodes
points at which vibration is greatest
inertia
attribute of a mass to continue moving once set into motion
elasticity
ability of a vibrating object to return to a starting state after it is deformed
for vibration to occur, what must be present
medium, elasticity, inertia
inverse square law
the law that describes the relationship between distance from the sound source and the intensity of the sound
decibel
a ration between two physical measurements
when a swinging pendulum is at its maximum positive acceleration, potential energy is
at maximum
when a swinging pendulum is at its maximum kinetic energy, velocity is:
at maximum
a 302 Hz and a 308 Hz tones are combined, what is the beat frequency
six Hz
physical definition of a sound
disturbance in the medium
WHat acts as the restoring force for spring mass system
elasticity
what acts as the restoring force in a vibrating pendulum motion
gravity
What are 3 main functions of the outer ear
sound transmission and enhancement
sound localiztion cues
middle ear protection
What are the 2 part of the ear that make up the ¨outer ear¨system
pinna
external auditory meatus
What is another name for the ear canal
external auditory meatus
What is the range of audibility for an average human is
20 Hz to 20000Hz
A human can detect pitch chanes of ( ) Hz
3
How many different intensity levels can our ears detect
two hundred fifty
What is the pinna mainly made up of
fibrous cartilage
What does vestigal mean
the muscle does not move
What are the names of the bones that the auricle attaches to
zygomatic arch
mastoid process
How does the auricle attach to the zygomatic arch
cartilaginous spine
How does the auricle attach to the mastoid process
connects to the temporal bone by a tail
The outer ( ) portion of the EAM is ( )
one third
cartilage
The inner ( ) portion of the EAM is ( )
two thirds
osseous or bony portion
What two glands contribute to the secretion of cerumen in the EAM
sebacious glands
cerumen glands
What is the functions of the sebaceous gland
creates an oily substance that lubricates the ear canal
What is the function of the ceruminous gland
creates a wax like substance
What is the narrowing of the EAM called
isthmus
What is the pinna´s overall best resonant frequency
five thousand Hz
What is the EAM´s overall best resonant frequency is at
two thousand five hundredHz
The range of resonant frequencies for the outer ear are from ( ) to ( )
2000 Hz to 7000Hz
what is the head shadow effect
significant obstructionto the sound entering the ear, they are not equal frequencies because the longer waveshave a low frequencyand go around the head easier which makes them not affected, shorter waves have a high frequencyand are more affected
What is localization
process of determining the direction of an incoming sound
Anotia
congenital absence of the pinna
aural atresia
congenital absence of the EAM is called
Microtia
congenital abnormally small pinna
3 ossicles in the middle ear
malleus
incus
stapes
What is the superior wall of the tympanum is called:
tegmen tympani
THe chorda tyympani is a branch of the ( ) nerve
facial
a congenital abnormally narrow EAM is called:
aural stenosis
a congenital abnormally small pinna is called
microtia
a fungal growth in the EAM is called:
otomycosis
What are the three types of impedance
resistance
mass and stiffness
what happens to your eardrum when the pressure drops
it is pushed outward
where is cerumen produced
outer portion of the EAM
What part of the skull are the parts of the ear located
temporal bone
elevation estimation
perosn’s ability to determine if a sound is above or below them (verticle)
azimuth estimation
person’s ability to determine if a sound is in front, behind or to the side of them (horizontal)
localization cues created by reflection and refraction of sound by the folds, cavities, and ridges of the outer ear are called:
monaural cues
Localization cues created by differences in sounds arriving at the right and left ear are:
binaural cues
2 types of sound absorption
internal absorprtion
external absorption
When a swinging pendulum is at its max pos acceleration potential energy is at:
its maximum
what is the restoring force in a vibrating mass
elascticity
THe combination of two or more sine waves is what
complex wave
the frequency which an object vibrates at a max amplitude with the least amount of applied energy is called what
resonant frequency
what is noise
aperiodic
sound is
a longitudinal wave
if sound pressure is doubled the dB increases by:
six dB
what are nodes
points of vibrating system displacement remains at 0
when sound intensity is doubled how much do you add
3 dB IL
what is a wavelength and how do you find it
physical distance in space occupied by one period of a wave
what is the formula of frequency
number of cycles/ time in seconds
what is it called when the components of a complex waveform are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
harmonics
formula of for a period
time/ number of cycles
sound pressure vs sound intensity
sounds pressure is the pressure caused by the vibration of the sound source (force/area)
intensity is the amount of sound power that travel
what is the difference between absolute and relative difference
absolute difference tells us how much greater one measurement is that other while relative difference tells is how many TIMES greater one measurement is than other
what is the propogation of sound
disturbance that moves and not the medium
When a swinging pendulum is at its maximum positive acceleration, potential energy is at what?
maximum
when a swinging pendulum is at it maximum kinetic energy velocity is at what?
maximum
resonant
the frequency which an object vibrates at a maximum amplitude with the least amount of applied energy
what happens when 2 pure tones are 180 degrees out of phase
they will cancel each other out
wave where the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the wave is termed:
transverse wave
a wave where the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of the wave travel is termed:
longitudinal
is noise aperiodic or periodic
aperiodic
what are the two types of sound absorption
internal absorption
external absorption
what is the reflected sound energy within a closed space called
reverberation
Reverberation time measures the time it takes for a brief sound to decrease by how many dB
sixty dB
sound refraction
bending of sound waves when the sound enters a medium with a different density or stiffness
what is it called when sound waves bend around objects and through openings in boundaries
sound diffraction
how many dB are in 4 B
40 dB
sound intensity level doubles
add 3 dB
sound pressure doubles
add six dB
sound intensity times 10
add 10 dB
sound pressure times 10
add 20 dB
3 fundamental physical quantities and their units of measurement
length>meter
mass>kilogram
time>second
oscillation
back and forth motion
noise
considered aperiodic sound
what is it called when the components of a complex waveform are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
harmonics
what is the fundamental frequency also called
the first harmonic
how do you know if the vibration has a missing fundamental
the fundamental frequency is not equal to the frequency of its lowest component
what is the propagation of sound
process of conveying energy through space via wave motion (it is the disturbance that moves)
what law describes the relationship between distance from the sound source and intensity of the sound
inverse square law
acoustic shadow
area where sound waves do not enter
shift in frequency of a sound wave resulting from a fast movement of the sound source toward the listener. it is heard as an increase in frequency and then a decrease in frequency
doppler effect
what is constructive interference
when two or more waves are in phase and results in a wave with a larger amplitude that both waves
destructive interference
when two or more waves differ and results in a wave that is smaller in amplitude than at least one of the waves
absolute difference
tells us how much greater one measurement is than other
relative difference
how many times greater one measurement is than the other
standing wave
a type of wave that is stationary and does not propagate outward from space
Density of the radial and concentric fibers of the second layer of the TM is greatest at:
edges and center of TM
what is the smallest bone
stapes
where does the manubrium of the malleus attach to
TM
the tensor tympani muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve
fifth
the stapedius muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve
7th
the tensor tympani tendon enter the tympanum though the:
cochleariform process
each crista consists of a gelatinous mass called the:
otolithic membrane cupula
membrane that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media
reissners membrane
membrane that separates the scala tympani from the scala media
basilar membrane
at the apex of the cochlea the basilar membrane is:
flaccid
at the base of the cochlea the basilar membrane is:
narrow
this cell supports the IHC of the cochlea
border cells of Held
Binaural localization cues are created by interaural differences in the ( ) and ( ) of sounds between ears
time and intensity
The pyramidal eminence is located on the ( ) wall of the tympanum
posterior
the portion of the tympanum where the head of the malleus and incus can be found is called the:
empitympanum
the tensor tympani tendon enters the tympanum through the:
cochleariform process
what are the 3 functions of the middle ear
transducer
pressure equalizer
inner ear protection
what are one of the limitations of the acoustic reflex
there is a latency before the muscles contract
because the umbo is displaced less than the rest of the tympanic membrane, an anatomic lever is created, this is called:
catenary lever
fungal growth in the EAM
otomycosis
localization cues created by reflection and refraction of sounds by the folds, cavities, and ridges of the outer ear are called
monaural cues
localization cues created by differences in sounds arriving at the right ear and left ear called:
binaural cues
what three properties affect the level sound pressure arriving at the entrance to the EAM
frequency
head shadow effect
angle of incidence
the fossa incudis is located in the tympanum on the ( ) wall
posterior
the stapes footplate is held in the oval window by a ring shaped ligament called the ( ) ligament
annular
the stapedius muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve
facial
what is the resonant frequency of the middle ear
800 to one thousand five hundred Hz
The outer ear resonances and middle ear impedence are matching work together to effectively transmit sounds between about:
two hundred fifty to 7000 Hz
2 main purposes of the inner system
transduce mechanical to electromechanical
body position and movement
what two major cranial nerves does the internal auditory canal carry?
acoustic and facial
3 fluids in the inner ear
perilymph
endolymph
cortilymph
what is high in potassium (k) and low in sodium (na)
endolymph
the phalangeal processes help to form this upper portion of the hair cells in the organ of corti called the:
reticular lamina
OHCs make sound, these emmisions are used to test a newborn baby’s hearing, these emissions are called:
otoacoustic emmisions
