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Ear Anatomy Final > section 1 > Flashcards

section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychological definition of sound

A

auditory sensation of what you hear

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2
Q

what is the opposite of absorbtion of sound

A

reflection of sound

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3
Q

how many decibels is six bels

A

sixty

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4
Q

if one hundred twenty five Hz is the fundamental then what is two hundred fifty Hz

A

the first overtone and the second harmonic

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5
Q

what is a complex wave

A

combination of 2 or more sine waves

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6
Q

concerning the propagation of sound, what is true

A

it is the disturbance that moves

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7
Q

how many degrees are there in one cycle of a sine wave

A

three hundred sixty degrees

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8
Q

the velocity/speed of sound is

A

is close to 1130 feet/second

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9
Q

doppler effect

A

the apparent increase or decrease in the frequency of a sound due to the movement of either the source or the observer

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10
Q

five hundred Hz sound

A

means that five hundred complete cycles occur in one second

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11
Q

nodes

A

points of the vibrating system at which displacement remains zero

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12
Q

antinodes

A

points at which vibration is greatest

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13
Q

inertia

A

attribute of a mass to continue moving once set into motion

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14
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a vibrating object to return to a starting state after it is deformed

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15
Q

for vibration to occur, what must be present

A

medium, elasticity, inertia

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16
Q

inverse square law

A

the law that describes the relationship between distance from the sound source and the intensity of the sound

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17
Q

decibel

A

a ration between two physical measurements

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18
Q

when a swinging pendulum is at its maximum positive acceleration, potential energy is

A

at maximum

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19
Q

when a swinging pendulum is at its maximum kinetic energy, velocity is:

A

at maximum

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20
Q

a 302 Hz and a 308 Hz tones are combined, what is the beat frequency

A

six Hz

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21
Q

physical definition of a sound

A

disturbance in the medium

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22
Q

WHat acts as the restoring force for spring mass system

A

elasticity

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23
Q

what acts as the restoring force in a vibrating pendulum motion

A

gravity

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24
Q

What are 3 main functions of the outer ear

A

sound transmission and enhancement
sound localiztion cues
middle ear protection

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25
Q

What are the 2 part of the ear that make up the ¨outer ear¨system

A

pinna

external auditory meatus

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26
Q

What is another name for the ear canal

A

external auditory meatus

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27
Q

What is the range of audibility for an average human is

A

20 Hz to 20000Hz

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28
Q

A human can detect pitch chanes of ( ) Hz

A

3

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29
Q

How many different intensity levels can our ears detect

A

two hundred fifty

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30
Q

What is the pinna mainly made up of

A

fibrous cartilage

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31
Q

What does vestigal mean

A

the muscle does not move

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32
Q

What are the names of the bones that the auricle attaches to

A

zygomatic arch

mastoid process

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33
Q

How does the auricle attach to the zygomatic arch

A

cartilaginous spine

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34
Q

How does the auricle attach to the mastoid process

A

connects to the temporal bone by a tail

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35
Q

The outer ( ) portion of the EAM is ( )

A

one third

cartilage

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36
Q

The inner ( ) portion of the EAM is ( )

A

two thirds

osseous or bony portion

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37
Q

What two glands contribute to the secretion of cerumen in the EAM

A

sebacious glands

cerumen glands

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38
Q

What is the functions of the sebaceous gland

A

creates an oily substance that lubricates the ear canal

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39
Q

What is the function of the ceruminous gland

A

creates a wax like substance

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40
Q

What is the narrowing of the EAM called

A

isthmus

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41
Q

What is the pinna´s overall best resonant frequency

A

five thousand Hz

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42
Q

What is the EAM´s overall best resonant frequency is at

A

two thousand five hundredHz

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43
Q

The range of resonant frequencies for the outer ear are from ( ) to ( )

A

2000 Hz to 7000Hz

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44
Q

what is the head shadow effect

A

significant obstructionto the sound entering the ear, they are not equal frequencies because the longer waveshave a low frequencyand go around the head easier which makes them not affected, shorter waves have a high frequencyand are more affected

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45
Q

What is localization

A

process of determining the direction of an incoming sound

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46
Q

Anotia

A

congenital absence of the pinna

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47
Q

aural atresia

A

congenital absence of the EAM is called

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48
Q

Microtia

A

congenital abnormally small pinna

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49
Q

3 ossicles in the middle ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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50
Q

What is the superior wall of the tympanum is called:

A

tegmen tympani

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51
Q

THe chorda tyympani is a branch of the ( ) nerve

A

facial

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52
Q

a congenital abnormally narrow EAM is called:

A

aural stenosis

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53
Q

a congenital abnormally small pinna is called

A

microtia

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54
Q

a fungal growth in the EAM is called:

A

otomycosis

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55
Q

What are the three types of impedance

A

resistance

mass and stiffness

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56
Q

what happens to your eardrum when the pressure drops

A

it is pushed outward

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57
Q

where is cerumen produced

A

outer portion of the EAM

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58
Q

What part of the skull are the parts of the ear located

A

temporal bone

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59
Q

elevation estimation

A

perosn’s ability to determine if a sound is above or below them (verticle)

60
Q

azimuth estimation

A

person’s ability to determine if a sound is in front, behind or to the side of them (horizontal)

61
Q

localization cues created by reflection and refraction of sound by the folds, cavities, and ridges of the outer ear are called:

A

monaural cues

62
Q

Localization cues created by differences in sounds arriving at the right and left ear are:

A

binaural cues

63
Q

2 types of sound absorption

A

internal absorprtion

external absorption

64
Q

When a swinging pendulum is at its max pos acceleration potential energy is at:

A

its maximum

65
Q

what is the restoring force in a vibrating mass

A

elascticity

66
Q

THe combination of two or more sine waves is what

A

complex wave

67
Q

the frequency which an object vibrates at a max amplitude with the least amount of applied energy is called what

A

resonant frequency

68
Q

what is noise

A

aperiodic

69
Q

sound is

A

a longitudinal wave

70
Q

if sound pressure is doubled the dB increases by:

A

six dB

71
Q

what are nodes

A

points of vibrating system displacement remains at 0

72
Q

when sound intensity is doubled how much do you add

A

3 dB IL

73
Q

what is a wavelength and how do you find it

A

physical distance in space occupied by one period of a wave

74
Q

what is the formula of frequency

A

number of cycles/ time in seconds

75
Q

what is it called when the components of a complex waveform are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

A

harmonics

76
Q

formula of for a period

A

time/ number of cycles

77
Q

sound pressure vs sound intensity

A

sounds pressure is the pressure caused by the vibration of the sound source (force/area)

intensity is the amount of sound power that travel

78
Q

what is the difference between absolute and relative difference

A

absolute difference tells us how much greater one measurement is that other while relative difference tells is how many TIMES greater one measurement is than other

79
Q

what is the propogation of sound

A

disturbance that moves and not the medium

80
Q

When a swinging pendulum is at its maximum positive acceleration, potential energy is at what?

A

maximum

81
Q

when a swinging pendulum is at it maximum kinetic energy velocity is at what?

A

maximum

82
Q

resonant

A

the frequency which an object vibrates at a maximum amplitude with the least amount of applied energy

83
Q

what happens when 2 pure tones are 180 degrees out of phase

A

they will cancel each other out

84
Q

wave where the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the wave is termed:

A

transverse wave

85
Q

a wave where the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of the wave travel is termed:

A

longitudinal

86
Q

is noise aperiodic or periodic

A

aperiodic

87
Q

what are the two types of sound absorption

A

internal absorption

external absorption

88
Q

what is the reflected sound energy within a closed space called

A

reverberation

89
Q

Reverberation time measures the time it takes for a brief sound to decrease by how many dB

A

sixty dB

90
Q

sound refraction

A

bending of sound waves when the sound enters a medium with a different density or stiffness

91
Q

what is it called when sound waves bend around objects and through openings in boundaries

A

sound diffraction

92
Q

how many dB are in 4 B

A

40 dB

93
Q

sound intensity level doubles

A

add 3 dB

94
Q

sound pressure doubles

A

add six dB

95
Q

sound intensity times 10

A

add 10 dB

96
Q

sound pressure times 10

A

add 20 dB

97
Q

3 fundamental physical quantities and their units of measurement

A

length>meter
mass>kilogram
time>second

98
Q

oscillation

A

back and forth motion

99
Q

noise

A

considered aperiodic sound

100
Q

what is it called when the components of a complex waveform are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

A

harmonics

101
Q

what is the fundamental frequency also called

A

the first harmonic

102
Q

how do you know if the vibration has a missing fundamental

A

the fundamental frequency is not equal to the frequency of its lowest component

103
Q

what is the propagation of sound

A

process of conveying energy through space via wave motion (it is the disturbance that moves)

104
Q

what law describes the relationship between distance from the sound source and intensity of the sound

A

inverse square law

105
Q

acoustic shadow

A

area where sound waves do not enter

106
Q

shift in frequency of a sound wave resulting from a fast movement of the sound source toward the listener. it is heard as an increase in frequency and then a decrease in frequency

A

doppler effect

107
Q

what is constructive interference

A

when two or more waves are in phase and results in a wave with a larger amplitude that both waves

108
Q

destructive interference

A

when two or more waves differ and results in a wave that is smaller in amplitude than at least one of the waves

109
Q

absolute difference

A

tells us how much greater one measurement is than other

110
Q

relative difference

A

how many times greater one measurement is than the other

111
Q

standing wave

A

a type of wave that is stationary and does not propagate outward from space

112
Q

Density of the radial and concentric fibers of the second layer of the TM is greatest at:

A

edges and center of TM

113
Q

what is the smallest bone

A

stapes

114
Q

where does the manubrium of the malleus attach to

A

TM

115
Q

the tensor tympani muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve

A

fifth

116
Q

the stapedius muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve

A

7th

117
Q

the tensor tympani tendon enter the tympanum though the:

A

cochleariform process

118
Q

each crista consists of a gelatinous mass called the:

A

otolithic membrane cupula

119
Q

membrane that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media

A

reissners membrane

120
Q

membrane that separates the scala tympani from the scala media

A

basilar membrane

121
Q

at the apex of the cochlea the basilar membrane is:

A

flaccid

122
Q

at the base of the cochlea the basilar membrane is:

A

narrow

123
Q

this cell supports the IHC of the cochlea

A

border cells of Held

124
Q

Binaural localization cues are created by interaural differences in the ( ) and ( ) of sounds between ears

A

time and intensity

125
Q

The pyramidal eminence is located on the ( ) wall of the tympanum

A

posterior

126
Q

the portion of the tympanum where the head of the malleus and incus can be found is called the:

A

empitympanum

127
Q

the tensor tympani tendon enters the tympanum through the:

A

cochleariform process

128
Q

what are the 3 functions of the middle ear

A

transducer
pressure equalizer
inner ear protection

129
Q

what are one of the limitations of the acoustic reflex

A

there is a latency before the muscles contract

130
Q

because the umbo is displaced less than the rest of the tympanic membrane, an anatomic lever is created, this is called:

A

catenary lever

131
Q

fungal growth in the EAM

A

otomycosis

132
Q

localization cues created by reflection and refraction of sounds by the folds, cavities, and ridges of the outer ear are called

A

monaural cues

133
Q

localization cues created by differences in sounds arriving at the right ear and left ear called:

A

binaural cues

134
Q

what three properties affect the level sound pressure arriving at the entrance to the EAM

A

frequency
head shadow effect
angle of incidence

135
Q

the fossa incudis is located in the tympanum on the ( ) wall

A

posterior

136
Q

the stapes footplate is held in the oval window by a ring shaped ligament called the ( ) ligament

A

annular

137
Q

the stapedius muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve

A

facial

138
Q

what is the resonant frequency of the middle ear

A

800 to one thousand five hundred Hz

139
Q

The outer ear resonances and middle ear impedence are matching work together to effectively transmit sounds between about:

A

two hundred fifty to 7000 Hz

140
Q

2 main purposes of the inner system

A

transduce mechanical to electromechanical

body position and movement

141
Q

what two major cranial nerves does the internal auditory canal carry?

A

acoustic and facial

142
Q

3 fluids in the inner ear

A

perilymph
endolymph
cortilymph

143
Q

what is high in potassium (k) and low in sodium (na)

A

endolymph

144
Q

the phalangeal processes help to form this upper portion of the hair cells in the organ of corti called the:

A

reticular lamina

145
Q

OHCs make sound, these emmisions are used to test a newborn baby’s hearing, these emissions are called:

A

otoacoustic emmisions

Ear Anatomy Final (2 decks)

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