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Ear Anatomy Final > brain > Flashcards

brain Flashcards

1
Q

medical geniculate body MGB

A

final processing stage before the signal reaches the cortex
located in the thalamus
no decussations occur here

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2
Q

limbic system

A

receives sensory information and sends signals to centers that control behavior, memory, hormone, and autonomic nervous system functions

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3
Q

inferior colliculus

A

plays a role in coding binaural info
receives stimulation from both SOCs
located in midbrain

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4
Q

Place Coding

A

mapping of stimulus frequencies to a place on the basilar membrane is reffered

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5
Q

place theory

A

theory explaining the process of hearing based on place coding

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6
Q

tonotopic organization

A

correspondence between stimulation frequency and place

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7
Q

place theory

A

nuerons fire on the basilar membrane determine the frequency

how much area is affected determines the intensity

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8
Q

Temporal/ frequency theory

A

process of hearing is based on the firing rate and patterns of nerve fibers

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9
Q

Central Auditory Nervous System

A

sound processing network of afferent and efferent auditory fiber tracts and nuclei

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10
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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11
Q

posterior

A

toward the back

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12
Q

inferior

A

toward the bottom

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13
Q

superior

A

toward the top

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14
Q

medial

A

towards the middle

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15
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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16
Q

sagittal

A

divides the body into right and left parts

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17
Q

frontal/coronal

A

divides the body into front and back

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18
Q

transverse

A

divides the body into top and bottom parts

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19
Q

horizontal

A

parallel with the horizon

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20
Q

what are the three primary regions of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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21
Q

what does the forebrain consist of

A

cerebral hemisphere

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22
Q

what are the four lobes of the forebrain

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

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23
Q

2 systems of the forebrain

A

limbic system

insula system

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24
Q

where is the midbrain located

A

superior portion of the brainstem

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25
Q

what does the hindbrain include

A

medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum

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26
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connected with the spinal cord by the foramen magnum

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27
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

behind the pons and medulla

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28
Q

how is the cerebellum connected to the medulla, pons, and midbrain

A

fiber tracts

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29
Q

what is the cerebellum associated with

A

balance system

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30
Q

cerebellopontine angle (CPA)

A

where the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons join

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31
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

located in the medulla of the hindbrain

only receives input ipsilaterally

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32
Q

ipsilaterally

A

located or affects the same side

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33
Q

contralaterally

A

located or affects the opposite side (ear)

34
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the cochlear nuclei

A

ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN)

dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN)

35
Q

what happens when the cochlear nerve will split

A

part will descend to the VCN

other part descends to the DCN

36
Q

tonotopicity

A

the spatial representation of the frequency layout of the cochlea in retrocochlear (past the cochlea) structures

37
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

basal turn fibers go to one area

apical turn fibers go to another

38
Q

trapezoid body

A

located in the pons

first decussation in the auditory pathway

39
Q

decussation

A

crossover point that unites symmetrical portions of the brain’s two halves

40
Q

superior olivary complex (SOC)

A

group of nuclei in the pons

first place to get binaural signals (ipsilateral and contralateral CN)

41
Q

interaural timing difference (ITD)

A

time of sound arrival at the two ears

42
Q

interaural intensity difference (IID)

A

the intensity difference at the two ears

43
Q

what determines the location of low frequency sounds

A

ITD interaural timing difference

44
Q

what determines the location of high frequency sounds

A

IID interaural intensity differences

45
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

receives projections from the SOC

fiber tract from pons (hindbrain) to midbrain

46
Q

what is the largest CANS fibers tract

A

lateral lemniscus

47
Q

inferior colliculus

A

second site that plays role in coding binaural info

in midbrain

48
Q

medical geniculate body (MGB)

A

final processing stage before the signal reaches the cortex
located in the thalamus (forebrain)
no decussations occur here

49
Q

how do sounds cause specific emotions

A

connection between the MGB and the limbic system

50
Q

limbic system

A

receives sensory info and sends signals to centers that control behavior, memory, hormone, and autonomic nervous system functions

51
Q

heschl’s gyrus

A

receives and synthesizes auditory info coming from the MGB that has been processed at various stages within the brainstem, midbrain, and thalamus
located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex (forebrain)

52
Q

heschls gyrus

A

receives signals from both ears but primarily signals form the contralateral ear

53
Q

temporal lobe

A

frequency characteristics of sound

54
Q

insular area

A

temporal aspects of sound

55
Q

parietal lobe

A

association of sound with past experiences

56
Q

frontal lobe

A

memory of sound

57
Q

right ear advantage

A

most people process speech better when it is directed toward the right ear

58
Q

olivocochlear bundle (OCB)

A

efferent fibers from the superior olivary complex
controls the electromotility of the outer hair cells
reduces (inhibits) outer hair cell activity
decreases the amplification of the auditory signal at the level of the cochlea

59
Q

inhibition of OHC motility

A

improves detection, localization, and perception of speech in background noise

60
Q

After the signal leaves the cochlea through the nerve fibers where does it go first

A

internal auditory canal

61
Q

if it is a high frequency sound, where will the nerve fiber be located in the cochlear nerve that is going through the IAC

A

on the outside of the nerve bundle

62
Q

there are six major nuclei and 1 fiber tract the nerve signal will go in the afferent system what are they

A 
cochlear nucleus
trapezoid body
superior olivary complex
lateral lemniscus
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate body
heschls gyrus
63
Q

in the efferent system what is the nerve bundle that comes from the superior olivary complex called

A

olivocochlear bundle (OHC)

64
Q

3 primary regions and their locations

A

forebrain>cerebral hemisphere, cerebral cortex
midbrain>superior portion of the brainstem
hindbrain> tail of brainstem (housing medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum)

65
Q

4 main lobes

A

frontal lobe
parietal
occipital
temporal

66
Q

2 systems

A

limbic

insula

67
Q

3 parts of the hindbrain and location

A

medulla oblongata> connected to the spinal cord through the foramen magnum
pons> superior to the medulla
cerebllum> connected posteriorly to medulla oblongataand pons by fiber tracts

68
Q

purpose of cerebellum

A

balance; produces changes in skeletal muscle tone and maintain posture and coordinate movement

69
Q

How many nerve fibers are in the vestibular and cochlear portions of the 8th nerve

A

30000 nerve fibers in cochlear portion, 20000 in vestibular portion

70
Q

what is the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and its location

A

where cerebellum,pons, and medulla oblongata meet

beyond the IAC attached to the brainstem

71
Q

ipsilateral

A

located or affecting the same side of the ear

72
Q

contralateral

A

located or affects opposite side of the ear

73
Q

decussation

A

crossover point that unites symmetrical portions of the brains two halves

74
Q

cochlear nucleus DCN and VCN

A

only ipsilateral
the cochlear nucleus will split and some nerves wll travel through the dorsal cochlear nucleus while others use the ventral cochlear nucleus

75
Q

trapezoid body

A

first decussation

located in the pons; what nerve fibers from the cochlear nucleus travel through

76
Q

superior olivary complex

A

first place to get info from both sides of brain

a group of nuclei in the pons; most nerve fibers from the trapezoid body will attach contralaterally to the SOC

77
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

largest fiber tract
where the SOC sends projections; its fiber tract is from the pons to the midbrain
place where directional information is combined with other sound coding to create complex sound image

78
Q

inferior colliculus

A

2nd site for binaural coding

located in the midbrain

79
Q

medial geniculate body

A

no decussations, limbic system
final processing stage
located in the thalamus

80
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

primary cortex
receives and synthesizes auditory info coming from the MGB
located in temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex

Ear Anatomy Final (2 decks)

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