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Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 (2022 EXAMS) > Section 1 : 1918-24 > Flashcards

Section 1 : 1918-24 Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Germany in such a mess due to WW1? (BEFORE T.O.V)

A
  • Lost moral (Germans resented the sacrifice)
  • Economy ruined
  • Social divisions (Black marketeers grew wealthy + elites fine BUT Poor got Poorer) + (1917 strikes)
  • Death (2 million Germans)
  • Poor living standards (1916, 60k kids starve due to rationing)
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2
Q

What was Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

-Germany gain Russian lands (Poland, Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Austria-Hungary)

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3
Q

What happened in Russia which increased the threat of communism?

A

-1917 Bolshevik Revolution (small bolshevik revolutionary’s overthrown monarchy)
ELITES SHOOK

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4
Q

Revolutionary winds in Germany

A
  • Mutinies across Germany (Eg KIEL 1918 -> sailors refused to make one last attack on GB Navy)
  • People more critical of Gov
  • ‘German Revolution’ 1918-19 => (Revolution from bellow)
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5
Q

Why did the Military want a Civilian (democratic) GOV?

A

Better peace terms

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6
Q

Who did kaiser Wilhelm 2 make Chancellor 1918? And why?

A
  • Prince Max (SPD leader)

- Make SPD into GOV so the LW would be blamed for defeat (Ludendorff’s plan)

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7
Q

What was the Kiel Revolution?

A
  • 1918 November

- Naval base disobeyed commands to launch one last attack on GB Navy

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8
Q

Name 1918 KEY Developments => 29th Sept, 3rd Oct, 31st Oct, 9th Nov, 10th Nov, 11th Nov

A
  • 29th September; Generals recommend Civilian Gov + Armistice
  • 3rd Oct; Prince Max chancellor + New Gov
  • 31st Oct; Kiel mutiny + Unrest
  • 9th Nov; Kaiser abdicates => Republic declared => New chancellor (EBERT)
  • 10th Nov; Ebert Groener pact = General guarantees army + civil service support if Ebert supports officer corps + protects food supply
  • 11th Nov; New German Gov Armistice
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9
Q

Expectations of Paris Peace conference

A
  • Expected to negotiate based on meeting W.Wilson’s 14 points
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10
Q

Who was in Paris peace conference?

A

France, Italy, USA, GB

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11
Q

France objective during Paris peace conference?

A
  • Weaken Germany to GUARANTEE FRENCH NATIONAL SECURITY (1871+ WW1 wars)
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12
Q

Who were the ‘November Criminals’ + Why they called that?

A
  • German delegates in Paris Peace Conference (Came to negotiate BUT observed only)
  • Germany 0 bargaining power (Army already demoralised, GB navy blockade, Belgium + French troops on boarder)
  • Called Diktat + Germans involved called Nov Criminals
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13
Q

TOV Terms

A
  • Army limited 100k
  • No Air crafts, tanks, submarines
  • Rhineland demilitarised + France occupied for 15Y
  • War guilt clause (Germany responsible for WW1)
  • Reparations (6.6billion)
  • Lost 10 percent of its prewar territory in Europe (Alsace-Lorraine,Saarland, Sudetenland ect)
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14
Q

Impact of TOV

A
  • Damaged national Pride
  • Reduced army
  • Reparations = Resented
  • Fuelled Nationalism
  • Weimar blamed
  • 7 million Germans living as minorities
  • Economically damaged
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15
Q

When was Paris peace conference ?

A

Jan 1919

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16
Q

Peace note?

A
  • 3rd Oct Prince Max asks Wilson for Armistice

- Wilson responds 3W later (due to being sus of counter attack) asking for complete surrender

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17
Q

What forced Prince Max to announce the Kaisers abdication?

A
  • SPD threatened to withdraw support from him
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18
Q

How does the Kaiser respond after Prince Max announces his abdication?

A
  • Army says they won’t back him so Kaiser Wilhelm dips
19
Q

Pre-Constituency Assembly turmoil?

A
  • USPD leaves Gov 1918 Dec

- 1919 Spartacist revolt (crushed brutally by Friekorps + Army)

20
Q

19th Jan 1919 Elections to the constituent Assembly

A
  • First time women voted
  • SPD win but not a Majority = Met to agree on a New Constitution
  • Representatives didn’t agree on everything BUT shared idea that was to guarantee rights + powers of the people (break from Autocratic constitution)
21
Q

Weakness of Weimar constitution?

A
  • No experience of Democracy
  • Very hard to gain majority = coalition Gov
  • Article 48 wasn’t used JUST in emergencies
  • Minority parties too powerful
22
Q

Positives of Weimar constitution

A
  • Very Democratic
  • Interests of the people more reflected
  • Article 48 checked by Reichstag
  • Women voted
  • Citizen Rights
  • No party dominant without 50%
23
Q

How many times did Ebert article 48

A

136

24
Q

Survival of undemocratic institutions

A
  • ARMY ; loyal to reich not weimar + Brutally crushed LW revolts whilst internally supporting RW revolts
  • CIVIL SERVICE ; senior civil servants recruited from aristocracy
  • JUDICIARY ; judges had monarchist + anti-democratic views
25
Q

What were the problems with Coalition governments?

A
  • Couldn’t agree on tough decisions (E.g 1919 June T.O.V signing = Cabinet resigns)
  • During economic/political/social crisis extreme RW + LW parties more popular -> Refused to join coalition Gov = Harder to make coalition Gov
  • Unsustainable (1919-23 10 coalition Govs)
  • ^ Due to that Continuity of policy was impossible
26
Q

In Weimar 1919-23 how many different coalition governments were there?

A
  • 10 coalition governments in 4 Years
27
Q

What happened to the main party in formation of Weimar after 1920?

A
  • SPD Popular during 1918-19 BUT
  • 1920 No longer took leading role in coalitions
  • suffered from internal divisions
28
Q

SPARTACIST UPRISING 1919 5th-13th Jan

A
  • Armed + Occupied Buildings
  • Poorly prepared/supported
  • Freikorps brutally crushed them in 7 days
  • Luxemburg + Liebknecht executed
  • Depend LW divisions
29
Q

Who led the Spartacus League during the Spartacist revolt?

A
  • Karl Liebknecht + Rosa Luxemburg
30
Q

1920 Ruhr Uprising?

A
  • 50K Red Army
  • Seized Ruhr = Virtual Civil War
  • Freikorps + Army struggled to crush
  • LW communists
31
Q

LW Challenge? 1918-24

A
  • 1919 January Spartacist Revolt
  • 1920 Ruhr Uprising
  • 1921 Saxony Rising
32
Q

SAXONY rising 1921?

A
  • KPD tried forcing Revolution
  • Strike disruption spread to Hamburg + Ruhr
  • Police rushed it (145 killed)
33
Q

Impact of Left Wing revolts on Weimar Republic 1918-24

A
  • Govs never threatened by LW revolts

- BUT frightened + encouraged middle classes into supporting RW parties

34
Q

RW impact on Weimar

A
  • RW posed major threat
  • Hostile towards republic since the beginning
  • Against democracy
  • Believed Weimar betrayed Germany
  • BUT very divided = Weakness
  • Many Freikorps, Army, Civil service, Police, Judges, supported RW ideas
35
Q

1920 Kapp Putsch

A
  • TOV = reduce army size = disband some Freikorps
  • Defence Minister orders disband 2 Freikorps units (12K)
  • General Von Luttwitz refused
  • March to Bavaria in protest
  • Supported by officers, Civil servants, Polotician Wolfgang Kapp
  • BUT Ludendorff + Von Seeckt don’t back it
  • Ebert called army to crush it BUT Von Seeckt said “troops don’t fire on troops”
  • Not enough support + general strike = downfall
  • Weimar learnt Army couldn’t be trusted
  • Weimar weak without army
  • RW judges sentenced favourably those involved
36
Q

Who was Hugo Haase

A
  • USPD member

- Shot + Killed 1919 Oct by RW

37
Q

Political assignations 1918-24

A
  • Hugo Haase (USPD member)
  • Matthias Erzberger (former finance minister assassinated involved in signing TOV)
  • Walther Rathenau (Jewish + Leading minister -> death = 700k protestors in Berlin + value of Mark fell)
    -1919-23 = 376 political assignations (22LW - 354RW)
    -
38
Q

How did Weimar try stop assignations? 1918-1923

A

-1922 Protection of the Republic (severe penalties on those involved in murder + banned extremist organisations)
- BUT failed RW judges acted favourably (Rathenaus killers got average of 4y whilst 10 LW murders go death penalty)
-

39
Q

Political impact of the Ruhr invasion

A
  • Germany swept by anti-French feeling
  • Country was most united it had been since WW1
  • Middle class support for Weimar damaged
  • GOV blamed for hyperinflation + Nationalists accused Gov of betrayal after ending passive resistance
40
Q

End to Passive resistance effect on Bavaria

A
  • Bavaria, RW gov declared state of emergency
  • Gustav Von Kahr appointed (RW)
  • Growing agitation = want for ‘March on Berlin to overthrow Gov + establish national dictatorship
41
Q

When was beer hall putsch?

A

1923 NOV

42
Q

Beer hall putsch key eventsb

A
  • Aim; Overthrow Gov + establish dictatorship
  • Ludendorff backed Hitler
  • Beer hall surrounded by SA + go into beer hall
  • Announce Revolution + Ritter Von Kahr and Otto Von Lossow convinced (whilst held at gunpoint)
  • Support fades overnight + Hitler can’t convince anyone else
  • Nazi fail to control Munich army barracks
  • Nazis remain marching and shootout vs police starts
  • Nazis lose + Hitler injured + Ludendorff surrenders
43
Q

Impact of Beer hall putsch

A
  • Showed Weimar needs Army to survive

- Nazis banned + Hitler sentenced (5Y But only served 9m)

Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 (2022 EXAMS) (3 decks)

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