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The British Empire 1857-1967 (2022 EXAM) > Section 1 : 1857-1914 > Flashcards

Section 1 : 1857-1914 Flashcards

1
Q

What was granted by Elizabeth to the Britsh East India Company in 1600 ?

A
  • Monopoly over English trade in Asia
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2
Q

British East Indian Company Army?

A

250,000 (Larger then Britians)

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3
Q

When was The Government of India Act?

A

1858

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4
Q

Who mainly benifited from Empire until 1800s?

A

-Indviduals/Private companies

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5
Q

What was Treaty of Allahabad 1765?

A

E.I.C collects taxes in India not Mungal empire

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6
Q

How did East India Company have so much power?

A
  • Coperate lobying (400k paid Gov to keep position)

- Paid large dividends to share holders (many politicans had shares)

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7
Q

Causes of Indian mutiny ?

A

EIC:

  • Expansionist policy ( Governor General Dalhousie takes land from many nobles)
  • Locally insensitve policy caused nationalist agitation
  • Taxation + Pay issues
  • Efforts to westernise India

MAIN TRIGGER:
-85 sepoys refused use bullet cartridges covered in Pig/Beef fat = They were imprisoned

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8
Q

Who did Indian mutiny rebels appoint as Rebel leader?

A
  • Badahur Shah (Emperor of hindustan)
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9
Q

Effects of Indian mutiny?

A
  • Goverment of India Act 1858
  • EIC lost 1/6 of India + 1 year to take full control and win
  • GB burned villages
  • Emperors son executed (No chance of restoring Mughal Empire)
  • Cawnpore massacre
  • GB tries improve relations
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10
Q

What was the Colonial Tariff on India? 1857-90

A

India 0%

Compared USA 20%

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11
Q

Who benefitted most from railways in India?

A
  • British

More accesible to GB + used for things like transportation of military ect

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12
Q

When was Indian mutiny?

A

1857-8

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13
Q

Gov of India Act key points?

A
  • Nationalised E.I.C (Crown gains control of India)
  • Position of Viceroy created
  • Secretary of State created (Controls Indian Civil service
  • Indian Council created (15 Indians to support secretary of state)
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14
Q

When was Queen Victoria named empress of India? + By who

A
  • 1877

- Disraeli

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15
Q

Evidence that GB officials looked down on locals?

A
  • Viceroy Curzon ‘Civilising mission’
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16
Q

Doctrine of Lapse in 1858 ?

A

Princley states fall under GB rule

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17
Q

GB catious approach to Indian military?

A
  • Native troops mixed
  • All Officer rankings reserved for GB soldiers
  • More Gurkhas + Sikhs recruited
  • No artillery for Native troops
  • Indian troops deployed abroad (Arabi Pasha Rebellion 1882)
  • 62/74 Bengali regaments disbanded
  • By 1880s 1:2 Ratio (1🇬🇧:2🇮🇳🇮🇳)
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18
Q

GB Military focus India?

A

-Keep control + Avoid another mutiny

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19
Q

Indians could apply to be senior civil servants but…

A
  • All senior civil servants were white
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20
Q

India Cost and Army compared to GB itself?

A
  • Cost of gov in India nearly as much GB itself

- Indian army bigger then GB

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21
Q

Imperial police force created for what reason?

A

Police India (prevent things like INDIAN MUTINY)

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22
Q

How were development of Railways funded?

A

British Private companies

23
Q

Name postives (1) and negatives of Railways in India?

A
  • Positve : Improved infrastructure
  • Negatives : Contracts for railway maintenance + equipment given to GB companies
  • Made India reliant GB
24
Q

Why was Germany becoming a threat to GB Empire?

A
  • Newly unifed (1871)
  • Powerful victory Vs France (Franco-German war)
  • Expanded navy
  • Becoming Industrially + Economically powerful (1890s + 1900s New Industry cartells (1904 steel works assoiation created- Export steel globally)
25
Q

Why France became threatening GB Empire?

A
  • Need to ressert military strength elsewhere (Due to defeat in Franco-Prussian war)
  • Creation of Indochina 1887
26
Q

How did GB respond to French + Russia gain in Asia?

A
  • 1874 Malaya

- 1880s Burma, Borneo, Brunei

27
Q

Russia becoming threat to GB?

A

-1891 Trans-Siberian Railway (Intruding on China)

28
Q

What was the Impact of Depression?

A
  • Many Banks bankrupt
  • Banks Stop leading money
  • Domestic demand for goods fell = Desire to Push goods into new markets increased (Asia & Africa)
  • Global economy drops
  • Railway bubble (Investments collapse)
29
Q

When was Brussels Conference?

A

1876

30
Q

Key points Brussles Conference 1876

A
  • Hosted by king Leopold (belgium)
  • Africans unable of devloping their natural resources (Africans inferior)
  • Tension grew between Nations
  • Leopold speech ‘piercing the darkness’
  • Agreed International European Assosiation should be established
31
Q

Key Points Berlin Conference 1884-85

A
  • Hosted by Otto van Bismarck
  • Principle of ‘Effective occupation’ - ( country need to show capacity to administer + defend)
  • Carved Africa (Dividing groups + Merged revial tribes) & Started Landgrab
  • 1884 80% controlled by tribes —> 1900 90% controlled by Europeans
32
Q

Informal Empire in Iran?

A
  • 1891 GB buisness buys rights to entire Tabbaco industry

- 1901 GB Anglo-Iranian Company buys Rights All Iran Oil 60 years

33
Q

Informal Empire Latin America?

A
  • Chile + Argentina main ones
  • 10% GB imports + exports from latin America
  • Upholding agreements BUT Military power sometimes (Peru 1957 + Chile 1863)
34
Q

GB Informal empire Asia?

A
  • Thailand gained (Via trade deals)
  • Trading bases accuired ; Hong Kong, Shanghai ect
  • Treaties Nanking 1842 (end of first opium war) + Tiesnstin 1858 (allowed brits + missionaries residence)
35
Q

How did GB try improve relations in India after Indian Mutiny 1858?

A
  • Star of India medals
  • Returned some land to natives
  • More education
  • More Indian nobles in imperial assembly + statutory civil service
36
Q

Proof that Education was only for elites? INDIA

A
  • after education act 1870 GB 25% illiterate —> 1872 97% illiterate in India
37
Q

Where were diamonds found which triggered a diamond rush?

A

Kimberly

38
Q

When did diamond rush start? (Diamonds found in Kimberly)

A

1967

39
Q

Cecil Rhodes impact on diamond + Africa?

A
  • 1871 moves to Kimberly

- 1890 All diamond companies in Kimberly owned by Cecil

40
Q

When did GB take Basutoland

A

1868

41
Q

What soured relations with orange state 1869?

A
  • Major territory dispute
42
Q

1852 GB allowed the Boers self government and the republic of Transvaal was born + Orange Free State 2Y later. But why did GB views change?

A
  • Diamonds found Im Kimberly
43
Q

What made the Boers lose the Transvaal?

A
  • Struggled with Zulus + Pedis

- GB annexed it then claimed they need to defend white settlers

44
Q

Explain GB Boer Aid? Why?when?Successful?

A
  • Help defeat Zulus at Ulundi 1879 + defeated Pedi
45
Q

What happened after GB finished giving Boers aid?

A
  • 1880 Boers declared total independence from GB

- BUT GB not willing to except

46
Q

Who were the Bantu people?

A
  • 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu

- Xhosa, Pedi, Zulu ect

47
Q

Why GB bad Relations with the Bantu?

A
  • Little thought give to native Bantu tribes (mining ruined locals land)
  • Increased wealth in regions but in the hands of settlers
  • Rights of black Africans limited
  • Segregation
48
Q

Proof of bad relations GB with Bantu?

A
  • 1868 annex Basutoland
  • 1871 annex west Griqualand
  • 1879 GB (Anglozulu war) beat Zulus + Pedi and annex
49
Q

What happened due to Rhodes receiving charter 1889?

A
  • Aims to get Rich + expand empire

- 1890 establishes fort at Salisbury + Gains control of Mashona land

50
Q

What happened in first Boer war?

A
  • GB defeated at Majuba Hill 1880-1

- Pretoria convention (GB recognise Boer self gov of Transvaal)

51
Q

Why did GB annex Benchuanaland ?

A
  • Germany arrive in SW Africa = Fears of Germany Boer alliance
  • Benchuanaland = strategic attempt to prevent alliance
52
Q

GB beef with the Boers?

A
  • 1875 Boers reject federation of Boer + GB territory
  • GB reject Boers 1880 Independence claim
  • Boer war 1881
  • Kruger imposes discriminatory policies on utlanders
53
Q

Define informal empire

A
  • Places influenced by GB economic power , sealed through trade agreements or by GB Investment or even coercion

The British Empire 1857-1967 (2022 EXAM) (4 decks)

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