Section 1

Question 1

Print Awareness

Answer 1

The understanding that printed text carries meaning

Question 2

Letter awareness

Answer 2

The understanding that letters are representative of sounds

Question 3

Book awareness

Answer 3

The understanding of how books work, such as reading from left to right

Question 4

Word awareness

Answer 4

The recognition of individual words as distinct units of language

Question 5

Concepts about print

Answer 5

The understanding of how printed materials such as books are structured

Question 6

phonological awareness

Answer 6

the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of spoken language

Question 7

phonemic awareness

Answer 7

a subset of phonological awareness and specifically refers to the ability to recognize and manipulate individual phonemes (speech sounds) in spoken words

Question 8

onset

Answer 8

the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a syllable that comes before the vowel sound

Question 9

rime

Answer 9

the part of a syllable that consists of the vowel sound and any consonant sounds that follow it

Question 10

consonant

Answer 10

a speech sound produced by obstructing the flow of air through the vocal tract

Question 11

vowel

Answer 11

a speech sound produced without significant constriction or closure of the vocal tract

Question 12

stops

Answer 12

consonant sounds produced by one push of breath and then stopping the air, including /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/

Question 13

nasals

Answer 13

consonant sounds produced with the nasal passage open, allowing air to escape through the nose, including /n/, /m/, and /ng/

Question 14

fricatives

Answer 14

consonant sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow opening or passage in the vocal tract, creating friction, this includes /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/, and /th/

Question 15

affricatives

Answer 15

consonant sounds that begin as stops but are released as fricatives, which involves a brief stoppage of airflow followed by a slow release with friction, such as the sounds /ch/ and /j/

Question 16

glides

Answer 16

consonant sounds that glide immediately into vowels, which includes /h/, /w/, and /y/

Question 17

liquids

Answer 17

consonant sounds characterized by a partial closure of the vocal tract, allowing for the relatively free flow of air, like /l/ and /r/

Question 18

voiced

Answer 18

sounds produced with vibration of the vocal cords

Question 19

unvoiced

Answer 19

sounds produced without vibration of the vocal cords

Question 20

decoding

Answer 20

the process of using knowledge of letter-sound relationships to translate written symbols into spoken language and recognize words

Question 21

orthographic mapping

Answer 21

the process by which individuals learn to recognize and store the visual representations of words in their long-term memory

Question 22

letter-sound correspondence

Answer 22

the relationship between written letters and their associated spoken sounds

Question 23

consonant blends`

Answer 23

a combination of two letters that represent a single sound or phoneme

Question 24

vowel team

Answer 24

a pair or group of adjacent vowels that represent a single sound or phoneme

Question 25

dipthongs

Answer 25

complex vowel sounds that consist of a blend of two vowel sounds within the same syllable

Question 26

silent letter patterns

Answer 26

sequences in words where certain letters are written but not pronounced, such as the “k” in “knight” or the “b” in “lamb”

Question 27

graphemes

Answer 27

the written symbols that represent phonemes in written language

Question 28

phonemes

Answer 28

the smallest units of sound in spoken language that distinguish one word from another

Question 29

vocabulary

Answer 29

a deep understanding of a word’s meaning

Question 30

fluency

Answer 30

the ability to read text accurately, automatically, smoothly, and with expression

Question 31

accuracy

Answer 31

reading words correctly

Question 32

prosody

Answer 32

reading with appropriate expression, intonation, and phrasing

Question 33

phonology

Answer 33

the study of the sound patterns of language

Question 34

Morphology

Answer 34

the study of how words are put together with smaller parts called morphemes, which can be prefixes, suffixes, root words, or other word parts

Question 35

lexical semantics

Answer 35

the branch of semantics that focuses on the meaning and interpretation of individual words

Question 36

orthography

Answer 36

the conventional system of spelling and writing in a language

Question 37

pragmatics

Answer 37

the branch of linguistics that studies how context, social cues, and shared knowledge influence the interpretation and use of language in communication

Question 38

sentential semantics

Answer 38

the branch of semantics that focuses on the meaning and interpretation of sentences and larger units of discourse

Question 39

syntax

Answer 39

the structure, arrangement, and organization of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences in a language

Question 40

executive functioning

Answer 40

a set of cognitive processes and skills responsible for goal-directed behavior, self-regulation, and problem-solving

Question 41

working memory

Answer 41

the ability to hold and use information in one’s mind while reading

Question 42

cognitive flexibility

Answer 42

the ability to adapt one’s thinking or understanding based on new information or different perspectives encountered in the text

Question 43

discourse

Answer 43

verbal or written communication that involves the exchange of ideas, information, and meaning within a specific context or social setting