Section 1 Flashcards
Print Awareness
The understanding that printed text carries meaning
Letter awareness
The understanding that letters are representative of sounds
Book awareness
The understanding of how books work, such as reading from left to right
Word awareness
The recognition of individual words as distinct units of language
Concepts about print
The understanding of how printed materials such as books are structured
phonological awareness
the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of spoken language
phonemic awareness
a subset of phonological awareness and specifically refers to the ability to recognize and manipulate individual phonemes (speech sounds) in spoken words
onset
the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a syllable that comes before the vowel sound
rime
the part of a syllable that consists of the vowel sound and any consonant sounds that follow it
consonant
a speech sound produced by obstructing the flow of air through the vocal tract
vowel
a speech sound produced without significant constriction or closure of the vocal tract
stops
consonant sounds produced by one push of breath and then stopping the air, including /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/
nasals
consonant sounds produced with the nasal passage open, allowing air to escape through the nose, including /n/, /m/, and /ng/
fricatives
consonant sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow opening or passage in the vocal tract, creating friction, this includes /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/, and /th/
affricatives
consonant sounds that begin as stops but are released as fricatives, which involves a brief stoppage of airflow followed by a slow release with friction, such as the sounds /ch/ and /j/
glides
consonant sounds that glide immediately into vowels, which includes /h/, /w/, and /y/
liquids
consonant sounds characterized by a partial closure of the vocal tract, allowing for the relatively free flow of air, like /l/ and /r/
voiced
sounds produced with vibration of the vocal cords
unvoiced
sounds produced without vibration of the vocal cords
decoding
the process of using knowledge of letter-sound relationships to translate written symbols into spoken language and recognize words
orthographic mapping
the process by which individuals learn to recognize and store the visual representations of words in their long-term memory
letter-sound correspondence
the relationship between written letters and their associated spoken sounds
consonant blends`
a combination of two letters that represent a single sound or phoneme
vowel team
a pair or group of adjacent vowels that represent a single sound or phoneme
dipthongs
complex vowel sounds that consist of a blend of two vowel sounds within the same syllable
silent letter patterns
sequences in words where certain letters are written but not pronounced, such as the “k” in “knight” or the “b” in “lamb”
graphemes
the written symbols that represent phonemes in written language
phonemes
the smallest units of sound in spoken language that distinguish one word from another
vocabulary
a deep understanding of a word’s meaning
fluency
the ability to read text accurately, automatically, smoothly, and with expression
accuracy
reading words correctly
prosody
reading with appropriate expression, intonation, and phrasing
phonology
the study of the sound patterns of language
Morphology
the study of how words are put together with smaller parts called morphemes, which can be prefixes, suffixes, root words, or other word parts
lexical semantics
the branch of semantics that focuses on the meaning and interpretation of individual words
orthography
the conventional system of spelling and writing in a language
pragmatics
the branch of linguistics that studies how context, social cues, and shared knowledge influence the interpretation and use of language in communication
sentential semantics
the branch of semantics that focuses on the meaning and interpretation of sentences and larger units of discourse
syntax
the structure, arrangement, and organization of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences in a language
executive functioning
a set of cognitive processes and skills responsible for goal-directed behavior, self-regulation, and problem-solving
working memory
the ability to hold and use information in one’s mind while reading
cognitive flexibility
the ability to adapt one’s thinking or understanding based on new information or different perspectives encountered in the text
discourse
verbal or written communication that involves the exchange of ideas, information, and meaning within a specific context or social setting
