Section 1

Question 1

what are the two cyclic phases that breathing involves?

Answer 1

1. Inspiration (inhalation): draws oxygen rich air into the lungs
2. Expiration (exhalation): forces oxygen poor air out of the lungs

Question 2

gas exchanges the movement of gasses across _____________? (fill in blank)

Answer 2

membranes

Question 3

external respiration refers to what?

Answer 3

the exchange of gases between the air and blood

Question 4

how does the movement of inspired air differ from the movement of waste?

Answer 4

inspired air (O2) moves across the cellular membranes, of the alveolus of the lung and its associated capillaries into the blood.

Waste, CO2, moves in the opposite direction and out of the body through expiration

Question 5

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

-gas exchange
-gas conditioning
-sound production
-olfaction
-defense

Question 6

describe gas conditioning.

Answer 6

-gas entering the lungs needs to be conditioned (warmed of cleansed)
-important so that there is no damage to the lungs
-occurs in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
-air swirled around to become warmed and humidified
-inhaled air is cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the mucosal lining of respiratory epithelium

Question 7

how does sound production occur? describe

Answer 7

-occurs by forceful expiration of air through the vocal cords in the larynx, causing them to vibrate
-different tensions of the vocal cords produce different sounds

Question 8

describe the function of olfaction.

Answer 8

-olfactory epithelium covers top of naval cavity
-receptors for sense of small are located here
-when air inhaled: airborne molecules dissolve in the mucus which lines the cavity, and stimulates the receptors. signals from here travel to the brain through the olfactory nerve (CN 1) and result in sense of smell

Question 9

what does the respiratory system have for defending our immune system?

Answer 9

-has a line of defence against molecules that can cause infection
-coarse hairs of the nostrils, the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium, and the mucus lining help to trap particles and microorganisms from entering the nose and the respiratory system

Question 10

what chamber of the heart does the deoxygenated blood exit from to enter the lungs?

Answer 10

right ventricle

Question 11

what chamber of the heart does deoxygenated blood re enter after exiting the lungs?

Answer 11

left atrium

Question 12

what does RTE do? (respiratory tract epithelium)

Answer 12

plays a large part of the defense of this system, and lines most of the surfaces from the nasal cavity down to the terminal bronchi

Question 13

what does it mean by the epithelium of the respiratory tract is pseudostratified?

Answer 13

all cells are attatched to the basal lamina but only some reach the surface

Question 14

why is it important that the surface of the epithelium is covered in cilia? (small fingerlike projections extending from the cell)

Answer 14

-provide increased surface area for conditioning air
-trap inhaled particles and microorganisms caught in mucus, and sweep them back up the respiratory tract and out of mouth + nose

Question 15

where can goblet cells be found?

Answer 15

throughout the pseudostratified epithelium

Question 16

what is the importance of goblet mucus cells?

Answer 16

-trap particulate matter or microorganisms that might have been inhaled
-provides moisture to humidify the air before reaching the lungs

Question 17

what would be the consequences if a human body did not have ciliated respiratory epithelium.

Answer 17

-cilia permits upward movement of mucus with trapped dirt particles like an escalator toward the pharynx, where it is swallowed
-without this, the body would lose an aspect of immunity, allowing more debris and potentially harmful pathogens into the respiratory system
-a person would be more susceptible to RTI (respiratory tract infection)

Question 18

what is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 18

-functions to transfer or conduct inhaled air from the outside world to the lung tissue
-also conducts air from the lungs to the outside world
-where humidification and trapping of debris occurs
-no oxygen is abosorbed into the blood in this reggion as the walls of the organs are too thick

Question 19

what are the structures of the conducting portion?

Answer 19

-nose and nasal cavity
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
-terminal bronchioles

Question 20

what is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 20

-functions to transfer gases between the lungs and pulmonary capillaries
-pulmonary capillaries are the terminal structures within the lungs that have walls thin enough to facilitate the movement of gases from air to blood, and vise versa

Question 21

what are the structures of the respiratory portion?

Answer 21

-respiratory bronchioles
-aveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli