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COM - GI Final > Secretions - Lopez > Flashcards

Secretions - Lopez Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the salivary gland?

Blood supplied to it is from where?

A

Ectodermal

External carotid a.

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2
Q

What is responsible for ejecting saliva into the mouth?

A

Myoepithelial cells

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3
Q

In the intercalated duct, what is saliva compared to plasma?

A

Ionic composition

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4
Q

What is the striated duct lined by?

How does it modify saliva?

A

Columnar epithelial cells

Makes it hypotonic

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5
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A

H20
Alpha-amylase
Lingual lipase
Kallikrein

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6
Q

Describe K, Na, HCO3, Cl [ ]s compared to plasma

A

HIGH K, HCO3

low NaCl

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7
Q

What does Kallikrein do?

A

Makes bradykinin (vasodilator)

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8
Q

Is there more absorption or secretion of solute?

A

More absorption (NaCl)

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9
Q

Name the exchangers (3) in the salivary ductal cell

A

Na/H
Cl/HCO3
H/K

All on apical membrane

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10
Q

What does the CFTR channel secrete or absorb?

How is it activated?

A

SECRETES HCO3 and Cl-

By cAMP

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11
Q

What is the result in patients with deficient CFTR gene?

A

Ca, Na, protein INCREASED

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12
Q

What is super special about ductal cells?

A

ductal cells are IMPERMEABLE to water

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13
Q

Where do PS presynaptic nerves originate?

What do postsynaptic fibers innervate?

A

CN 7 and 9

Individual glands

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14
Q

Where do Symp preganglionic nerves originate?

Where do the postganglionic extend to?

A

Cervical ganglion

Periarterial space glands

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15
Q

What does CN 7 innervate?

CN 9?

(Both PS pathways)

A

Submandibular and sublingual glands

Parotid gland

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16
Q

What nt does PS salivary secretion use?

What receptor?

What 2nd messenger?

A

ACh

MAChR

IP3 and Ca2+

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17
Q

What nt does Symp pathway use for salivary secretion?

What spinal levels?

What receptor and 2nd messenger?

A

NE

T1-T3

Beta-andrenergics

cAMP

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18
Q

How does vasopressin and aldosterone modify saliva?

A

Dec. [Na] and INC [K]

By inserting channels in membrane (reabsorbs sodium)

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19
Q

What branch of the ANS increases salivary secretion?

A

BOTH

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20
Q

What are the main components of gastric juice?

A 
HCl
Pepsinogen
Mucus
Intrinsic Factor
H2O
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21
Q

What is intrinsic factor required for?

Where?

A

Absorption of Vit B12

Ileum

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22
Q

Where is the oxyntic gland located?

What does it secrete?

A

Proximal 80% of stomach (body and fundus)

Acid

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23
Q

Where is the pyloric gland located?

Function?

A

Distal 20% of stomach (antrum)

Release Gastrin

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24
Q

Where are parietal cells located?

What do they secrete?

A

Oxyntic glands

HCl, Intrinsic factor

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25
Q

Where are G cells located?

A

Pyloric gland

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26
Q

In the gastric parietal cell, what exchanger is located on the luminal side?

A

H+/K+

H+ is going into lumen (secreted) as Cl- follows H+

27
Q

What inhibits the H+ ion exchanger?

A

Omeprazole

28
Q

What exchanger is located on the basolateral side?

A

HCO3-/Cl- exchanger

Cl- going back INTO the cell

29
Q

What is absorbed via the parietal cell?

A

HCO3- absorbed into blood

30
Q

What releases histamine?

What else stimulates histamine release?

What does histamine do?

A

ECL cells

ACh and Gastrin

Stimulates HCl secretion

31
Q

Where does histamine bind?

What blocks the receptors?

What does it act through?

A

H2 receptors

Cimetidine

cAMP

32
Q

What releases ACh?

What does it stimulate?

A

Vagus n.

HCl secretion

33
Q

Where does ACh bind?

What blocks the binding?

What 2nd messenger does it use?

A

M3 on parietal cells

Atropine

IP3/Ca2+

34
Q

Where does Gastrin bind CCK?

What 2nd messenger does it work through?

Does Atropine block this pathway?

A

CCK B receptors on parietal cells

IP3/Ca2+

NO

35
Q

What releases somatostatin?

What does it do?

Where does it bind?

A

D cells in antrum

inhibits HCl

SSTR2 on parietal cells

36
Q

What effects does somatostatin have?

A

Direct effect - inhibits adenylate cycle -> inhibit H+

Indirect effect - inhibits histamine and Gastrin

37
Q

What has potentiation effects?

A

Histamine on ACh and Gastrin

ACh on histamine and Gastrin

38
Q

What do PGs do in gastric parietal cells?

A

Inhibits cAMP (Gi)

39
Q

What nt do G cells use when vagally stimulated?

A

GRP

40
Q

What stimulates the cephalic phase?

A

Smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing

41
Q

What is the MOA for the cephalic phase?

A

Vagus n. -> parietal cell using ACh

Vagus n. -> Gastrin -> parietal cell using GRP

42
Q

What stimulates the gastric phase?

A

Distention of stomach, breakdown proteins, a.a., small peptides

43
Q

What are the MOA for the gastric phase?

A

2 Vagal reactions
Distention of antrum
A.a. And small peptides

44
Q

What foreign substance can stimulate gastric HCl secretion?

A

Coffee (incl. decaf)

45
Q

What stimulates the intestinal phase?

A 
Distention of s.i.
Digested proteins (a.a.) via direct effect
46
Q

Gastric juice is what kind of solution?

low secretion rates what is high?

High secretion rates?

A

Isotonic

NaCl

HCl

47
Q

What is the most important stimulus for pepsinogen secretion?

A

Vagus nerve stimulation

48
Q

When is pepsin irreversibly inactivated?

A

pH > 7-8

49
Q

What leads to pernicious anemia?

A

Failure to secrete intrinsic factor

Atrophic gastritis

50
Q

What damages the gastric mucosa?

A 
acid
Pepsin
NSAIDs
H. Pylori
Alcohol
Bile 
Aspirin
51
Q

How do gastric ulcers primarily form?

What is the major cause?
Via what mechanism?

A

Mucosal barrier defective

H. Pylori
Urease allows bacteria to colonize the gastric mucosa, converts urea to NH3

52
Q

How do duodenal ulcers form?

Cause?

A

H+ secretory rates higher than normal (most common)

indirectly H.pylori inhibits somatostatin

53
Q

What are the 2 main components of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Aqueous solution, has HCO3-

Enzymatic secretion

54
Q

What secretes the HCO3-?

A

Ductal and centroacinar cells

55
Q

Where are Symp post-gang nerves from?

A

Celiac and Superior Mesenteric plexuses

56
Q

PS nervous system innervation from where?

Where do preganglionics synapse?

Postganglionics?

A

Vagus n.

ENS

On exocrine pancreas

57
Q

In the exocrine pancreas what is inhibitory?

Excitatory?

A

Symp

PS

58
Q

Where are pancreatic proteases activated?

A

Lumen of duodenum

59
Q

What exchanger is present on the luminal side of the pancreatic ductal cell?

A

HCO3-/Cl-

HCO3- secreted into pancreatic juice

60
Q

What exchanger is present on the basolateral side of pancreatic ductal cell?

A

H+/Na+

H+ into the blood, so it becomes ACIDIC

61
Q

At high flow rate is bicarbonate high or low in pancreatic juice?

A

HIGH

62
Q

Which phase of pancreatic secretions accounts for the majority of secretion?

What does this phase have that the others don’t?

A

Intestinal (80%)

Has enzymatic and aqueous secretions

63
Q

Whic salivary gland is the largest?

What enzyme does it have a lot of?

A

Parotid gland

Amylase

COM - GI Final (5 decks)

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