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COM - GI Final > Intro To GI Phys - Lopez > Flashcards

Intro To GI Phys - Lopez Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi important for?

A

Allowing passage of biliary substances

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2
Q

What comprises the enteric (intrinsic) nervous system?

What is it derived from?

A

Submucosal and Myenteric plexus

Neural crest cells

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3
Q

Where are PS cell bodies located?

What type of receptor?

A

Brainstem and sacral spinal cord

nAChR

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4
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic efferent fibers arise from and where do they end?

A

In spinal cord and end in the prevertebral ganglia

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5
Q

What is the 1 exception in the gut where the sympathetic system is not inhibitory?

A

Relaxation of sphincters

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6
Q

What does the ENS contain?

Does it need CNS input?

A

Afferent and efferent neurons
INTERNEURONS

NO

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7
Q

Describe the Vago-vagal reflex

What does it modulate?

A

Vagal efferents –> Nodose ganglion –> NTS –> Vagal efferents –> stomach

ENS responses

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8
Q

What peptide uses paracrine signaling?

What other messenger also uses paracrine?

A

Somatostatin

Histamine

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9
Q

What secretes somatostatin?

What is the stimulus?

Actions?

A

D cells of GI mucosa

Decreased luminal pH

Inhibit gastric H+ secretion, inhibit other GI hormones

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10
Q

Where else is somatostatin secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

Delta cells of exocrine pancreas

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11
Q

What secretes histamine?

What is its target?

Action?

A

ECL cells in stomach

Parietal cells

Stimulate acid production

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12
Q

What defines specificity of hormones?

A

The receptors on the target cell

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13
Q

What stimulates Gastrin secretion?

A

Small peptides, a.a.

Distention of the stomach, Vagal stimulation (GRP)

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14
Q

What stimulates CCK secretion?

A

Small peptides, a.a.

Fatty acids

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15
Q

What stimulates GIP secretion?

A

Oral glucose, a.a.

Fatty acids

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16
Q

What stimulates Secretin secretion?

A

Fatty acids

H+ in the duodenum

17
Q

What makes CCK?

What makes Secretin

A

I cells in D, J

S cells in D, J

18
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Gastrin-secreting tumor in pancreas causing over production of gastric acid, resulting in duodenal ulcers

19
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

Too much acid impairs pancreatic enzymes, cannot digest fat, therefore abnormal over-excretion of fat in feces due to lack of absorption

20
Q

What are the main actions of CCK?

A

INC pancreatic enzyme secretion
INC pancreatic bicarbonate secretion indirectly
Stimulates contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of Oddi
Stimulates growth of exocrine pancreas

21
Q

What does CCK inhibit?

A

Gastric emptying

22
Q

What are the main actions of secretin?

A

INC pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
INC biliary bicarbonate secretion
DEC gastric H+ secretion

23
Q

What does secretin inhibit?

A

Trophic effect of Gastrin

24
Q

GIP action?

A

INC insulin secretion from pancreatic B cells

DEC gastric H+ secretion

25
Q

Where is the feeding center located?

A

Lateral nucleus

26
Q

Where is the satiety center located?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

27
Q

Where does the integration signaling regulating food intake and energy expenditure happen?

A

Arcuate nucleus

28
Q

Describe the pathway that inhibits food intake and increases metabolism (anorexigenic)

A

Alpha-MSH released by POMC neurons

Alpha-MSH binds to MCR-4 in the 2nd order neurons

29
Q

Describe the pathway that increases feeding and storage of calories (orexigenic)

A

hunger stimulates release of NPY and AGRP
NPY binds Y1R
AGRP inhibits MCR-4

30
Q

What stimulates the POMC pathway and inhibits the NPY pathway?

A

Insulin, leptin, CCK

31
Q

What stimulates the NPY pathway?

A

Ghrelin

32
Q

What secretes Ghrelin?

A

Endocrine cells in the stomach

33
Q

Where does insulin bind?

Action?

A

Receptors in satiety and hunger centers in hypothalamus

INC metabolism
DEC appetite

34
Q

what does CCK elicit?

What does it Decrease?
Increase?

A

Satiety

DEC Ghrelin and gastric emptying
INC gastric distention

35
Q

What secretes PYY?

Where does it bind?

Action?

A

L cells of ileum and colon post meal

Y2 receptors of hypothalamus

Inhibits NPY, releases inhibition of POMC neurons

36
Q

What secretes Leptin?

Which pathway does it inhibit and stimulate?

Action?

A

Adipose and endocrine cells in the stomach

Inhibits NPY, stimulates POMC

INC metabolism, DEC appetite and Ghrelin release

37
Q

Name all the sphincters in the gi tract

A

UES, LES, pyloris
Sphincter of Oddi, Ileocecal valve
Internal and external anal sphincter

COM - GI Final (5 decks)

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