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Drug Information > Secondary Literature > Flashcards

Secondary Literature Flashcards

1
Q

What are secondary resources?

A

It is used to get to the primary source. It is a database or collection. It acts as a intermediary between primary and tertiary.

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2
Q

What are some examples of secondary resources?

A
  • Embase
  • IPA (International Pharmaceutical Abstracts)
  • Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)
  • Clinicaltrials.gov
  • Databases through National Library of Medicine (NLM)
  • Google Scholar
  • PubMed
  • Medline (OVID)
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3
Q

What is a database composed of?

A
  • Indexed and/or abstracted articles

* Provides direction to primary literature

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4
Q

What are the advantages to secondary resources?

A
  • abstracts

* quick search to a lot of information

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages to secondary resources?

A
  • costly
  • time consuming
  • search parameters
  • tricky to navigate
  • lag time for publication and variability (source availability to the database)
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6
Q

What is the minimum number of secondary resources you should use when researching?

A

At least 2 sources

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7
Q

What is Embase, a database of abstracts, comprised of?

A
  • Medline articles

* Over 5 million records not covered on Medline

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8
Q

What is covered greatly in Embase?

A
  • international, non-English journals
  • conference abstracts
  • dietary supplements
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9
Q

Is Embase a first option in searching?

A

No, it is usually not a first option

Note: generic names are indexed using the International Non-Proprietary Nomenclature (INN)

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10
Q

What is IPA (International Pharmaceutical Abstracts)?

A
  • Smaller index of international abstracts that includes over 800 journals
  • Inclusion of the study design, number of patients, dosage, dosage forms, and dosage schedule
  • Subjects include: biopharmaceuticals and pharmacokinetics, legal, political and ethical issues, new drug delivery systems, and pharmacist liability.
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11
Q

What information does ClinicalTrials.gov have?

A

It is a records database that summarizes information about clinical study protocols.

  • disease or condition
  • intervention (medical product, behavior, or procedure being studied)
  • title, description, and design of the study
  • requirements for participation (eligibility criteria)
  • locations where study is being conducted
  • contact information for the study
  • links to relevant information on other health websites
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12
Q

Secondary literature is used to find reviews. Where would you look for systematic reviews?

A
  • Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews
  • DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects)

(Note: systematic reviews are primary literature)

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13
Q

What type of source are non-systematic reviews? Where can you find information on them?

A

They are tertiary sources.

  • UpToDate
  • Dynamed
  • Natural Standard
  • Other review articles
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14
Q

What source is called the “Gold Standard”?

A

Cochrane Database of Systematic Review

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15
Q

Who prepares and what is found in Cochrane Database of Systematic Review?

A
  • Prepared by an international organization that maintains and disseminates systematic reviews of controlled trials
  • reviews medical treatment and conditions
  • looks at trials on a topic that meets rigorous methodological standards
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16
Q

What does Meta-Analysis mean?

A

It has been reviewed per Cochrane standards–they are peer reviewed for content and methods prior to inclusion.

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17
Q

What can you find in the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)?

A
  • Abstracts for published systematic reviews (critically appraised using a uniform approach–Non Cochrane)
  • Summaries of systematic reviews about the effects of health care interventions (commentary on the quality of a reviewer’s methodology, discussion of the results, insight for review’s impact for clinical practice)
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18
Q

What are some examples of National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases?

A
  • PubMed
  • LOCATORplus (indexes and abstracts tertiary references)
  • TOXNET (toxicology, environmental health)
  • MEDLINEplus (tertiary reference, patient & healthcare provider info)
  • DAILYMED (indexes package inserts)
  • LACTMED
  • Genetic databases
19
Q

What internet source should you NEVER use? Why?

A

Wikipedia–because it is not peered reviewed and there is a lack of expertise.

20
Q

What internet source can you use?

A

Google Scholar–journals are organized by h-index (the higher h means more visibility)

21
Q

Are PubMed and Medline the same thing?

A

Yes, Medline is covered under PubMed. 80 to 90% of PubMed is Medline

22
Q

Who developed PubMed?

A

NCBI

23
Q

What does PubMed include?

A

Over 25 million citations for biomedical literature

24
Q

What is the world’s largest biomedical research agency with the main campus in Bethesda, MD?

A

National Institute of Health (NIH) which is made up of 27 institutes and centers, over 2,500 universities and research institutions, and nearly 6,000 scientists. Includes the NLM (NLM includes the NCBI)

25
Q

What is Medline?

A

A database provided by the NLM (National Library of Medicine)

26
Q

What is found in Medline?

A

Indexes of articles from 5,640 journals with articles in over 40 languages (basic clinical sciences related to different health fields)

27
Q

How often is Medline updated?

A

5 days a week

28
Q

Are Medline and OVID the same thing?

A

OVID owns Medline

29
Q

Review the timeline of OVID and Medline.

A

1988: OVID streamlined access to Medline and OVID was purchased by Wolters Kluwer

30
Q

What other sources are owned by Wolters Kluwer?

A
  • UpToDate
  • LexiComp
  • Facts & Comparisons
  • EBM reviews
  • Embase
  • International Pharm
  • Abstracts
31
Q

How can you effectively search OVID (Medline)?

A

via MeSH terms (Medical Subject Headings)

32
Q

What are MeSH terms?

A

Controlled vocabulary for indexing Medline that has standardization and consistency with indexing. It is hierarchical with 16 branches.

33
Q

What does MeSH exploding do for you?

A

Can help broaden or narrow your search.

34
Q

What do MeSH subheadings do?

A

They further describe a MeSH concept (diagnosis, drug therapy, surgery, metabolism, etc.)

35
Q

There are 4 Boolean operators. What are they and what do they do?

A
  1. AND: narrow search to contain ALL words it separates
  2. OR: BROADEN search to ANY of the words it separates
  3. NOT: narrow search to NOT contain the term following it
  4. ( ): GROUP words to show the relationship it should be considered
36
Q

What is truncation? Give an example.

A

It searches for part of a word. An example would be “randomiz” to search for randomize, randomization, randomizer, etc. However, use it with caution so the root does not include unrelated words.

37
Q

What limits or filters are there?

A
  • dates
  • article type
  • species
  • language
  • sex
  • age
  • category
  • manage/create your own limits
38
Q

Compare PubMed versus OVID

A
  • PubMed automatically explodes MeSH tree, while OVID does not.
  • PubMed can search by keyword, OVID you must search by MeSH
  • PubMed automatically adds “AND” to search terms, OVID you must combine terms on your own
39
Q

What similarities do PubMed and OVID have?

A

They both have additional sources

40
Q

Which is larger Nbase or PubMed?

A

Nbase is larger

41
Q

Which is larger PubMed or Medline?

A

PubMed

42
Q

What are the advantages to NCBI?

A
  • Free
  • User friendly, easy to refine search
  • more irrelevant articles
  • easy tutorials
  • PubMed
  • Medline
  • all NLM databases
43
Q

What are the advantages to OVID?

A
  • more precise
  • takes longer to get results
  • useful after unsuccessful PubMed search for access to Embase, IPA, Cochrane, DARE, and EBM
44
Q

What are the disadvantages to OVID?

A
  • search features are difficult to refine

* Privately owned, so you have to pay (but have access to their other sources)

Drug Information (4 decks)

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