Secondary Growth

Question 1

lateral meristems contribute to ___ which is ___

Answer 1

secondary growth, width

Question 2

two types of lateral meristems

Answer 2

vascular cambium, cork cambium

Question 3

cork cambium produces

Answer 3

bark

Question 4

vascular cambium makes more

Answer 4

vascular tissue

Question 5

think of a tree, from the middle to the outside, described the layers

Answer 5

pith, (tiny) primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, (tiny) primary phloem, cortex, cork cambium

Question 6

purpose of vascular cambium

Answer 6

differentiates xylem and phloem… where growth occurs

Question 7

purpose of cork cambium

Answer 7

where growth occurs

Question 8

describe herbaceous plants

Answer 8

most monocots and some dicots, including corn and beans – only undergo primary growth – growth in length from apical meristems

Question 9

describe woody plants

Answer 9

gymnosperms and some dicots – roots and stems undergo secondary growth or growth in width due to the activity of two lateral (as opposed to apical) meristems: the vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 10

seasonal growth cycles

Answer 10

Annuals vs. biennials vs. perennials

Question 11

annuals

Answer 11

one growing season, Completes in one year or less (germination → flowering → seed production → death).

Question 12

biennials

Answer 12

two growing seasons,
Year 1: Germination, vegetative growth (leaves, roots).
Year 2: Flowers, produces seeds, then dies.

Question 13

perennials

Answer 13

many growing seasons; Lives for multiple years, growing and reproducing seasonally.

Question 14

Herbaceous perennials

Answer 14

survive winter as dormant underground roots or rhizomes/bulbs

Question 15

woody perennials

Answer 15

survive above ground but usually stop growing during winter

Question 16

cambium in a plant with secondary growth

Answer 16

the procambium is split between fascicular cambium (outside/phloem) and interfasicular cambium (inside/xylem)

Question 17

vascular cambium is made of ___ and ___

Answer 17

fusiform, ray initials

Question 18

ray initials give rise to ___ cells that form ___ in ___ tissue – helps with ___ or ___ between xylem and phloem

Answer 18

parenchyma, rays, vascular, storage, transport

Question 19

fusiform initials give rise to ___ and ___.

Answer 19

secondary xylem and phloem

Question 20

what happens to primary xylem

Answer 20

pushed towards the middle

Question 21

what happens to primary phloem

Answer 21

push towards the outside

Question 22

The periderm replaces the ___ as growth in width crushes the ___.

Answer 22

epidermis, epidermis

Question 23

The periderm includes the ___, another lateral meristem that produces ___ to the outside and ___ to the inside

Answer 23

cork cambium; cork/bark; phelloderm

Question 24

what is a lenticel

Answer 24

allows gas exchange through the periderm

Question 25

secondary growth may occur in woody ___

Answer 25

roots (its the same process as the stem)

Question 26

the accumulated secondary xylem in woody stems is what we refer to as

Answer 26

wood

Question 27

other terms for bark

Answer 27

cork, periderm

Question 28

essentially everything outside the vascular cambium is

Answer 28

bark (including secondary phloem)

Question 29

what is the middle of the tree, and is It active

Answer 29

heartwood, no

Question 30

what is the outside of the tree, and is it active

Answer 30

sapwood, yes

Question 31

what is outside the primary phloem

Answer 31

pericycle

Question 32

conifers are what types of plant

Answer 32

gymnosperm

Question 33

conifer wood contains ___ but lack ___

Answer 33

tracheids, vessels

Question 34

angiosperms contain both

Answer 34

vessels and tracheids

Question 35

Why are there growth rings?

Answer 35

trees grow at different rates throughout the year, producing larger, thinner-walled cells in the spring (early wood) when water is readily available, and smaller, thicker-walled cells in the later summer and fall (late wood) when growth slows down due to reduced water availability, creating visible growth rings on the tree trunk

Question 36

Why are prescribed/natural fires good for plants?

Answer 36

some plants require trauma to be opened an for their seeds to spread Fire is required to dry out the cones Adapted to withstand/recover from fire After any fire, seeds are more likely to germinate

Question 37

not all plants are as easy to propagate, but because of their cells’ totipotent potential, with the right tools, you can ___ any type of plant!

Answer 37

asexually propagate