Second Year

Question 1

What happens to parathyroid hormones during vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 1

Increase

Question 2

What happens to calcium levels in vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 2

Decrease

Question 3

What happens to phosphate levels in Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 3

Decrease

Question 4

What happens to alkaline phosphate levels in Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 4

Increase

Question 5

What is the diagnosis (and why): 68 y/o male, smoker , claudication, hypertensive, proteinuria, increased urea and creatinine

Answer 5

Renal artery stenosis
Causes hypertension and atrophy of affected kidney
If caused by fibromuscular dysplasia, patient may develop claudication

Question 6

What is the likely underlying mechanism of a 3 month history of bilateral leg oedema?

Answer 6

Nephrotic syndrome –> significant proteinuria –> low serum albumin –> reduced oncotic pressure

Question 7

When does the desire to void usually occur?

Answer 7

Bladder volume = 250ml

Question 8

What is polyuria?

Answer 8

> 2.8l of urine produce in 24hrs

Question 9

What causes contraction fo the detrusor muscle?

Answer 9

Parasympathetic stimulation