Second Test

Question 0

Confederate naval strategy

Answer 0

•Inferior naval strength
•U.S. Navy traditions prior to the Mexican-American War - Defensive
–Coastal defense
–Commerce raiding (Guerre de course)

Question 1

Union strategy

Answer 1

•Superior naval strength built up throughout the war
•Royal Navy traditions and U.S. Navy traditions in the Mexican-American War - Offensive
–Establish control of sea lines of communication
•Blockade of enemy coast
•Power projection through amphibious assault

Question 2

How south obtain ships

Answer 2

Had to buy
-•The South could not produce the necessary arms required; In some areas they were not even self-sufficient (could feed its people with supplies)

Question 3

Goal of union navy with Brits

Answer 3

•The North’s goal: Keep Britain truly neutral and the Royal Navy out of conflict; Avoid conflicts with British ships

Question 4

What battle did the Brits withdraw

Answer 4

Antietam
•September, 1862
•Union victory

Question 5

Trent affair

Answer 5

• Charles Wilkes in San Jacinto stopped the British mail steamer Trent
• The Confederate reps on-board were removed
• This was neutrality violation and nearly ignited a war with Britain
• Tension cooled by diplomacy and apology

Question 6

Union naval bases

Answer 6

•Attempt to establish first Union base on Confederate territory (07 Nov 1861)
–Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

Question 7

As Alabama

Answer 7

•Raphael Semmes
–Gained early experience in command of the Sumter
•Built in England
–Most Confederate ships built overseas
•Outfitted in Azores
–Britain would not violate her neutrality.

Question 8

Iron clad

Answer 8

•Norfolk Navy Yard (Biggest in the Country)
–Abandoned by Northern forces; Captured by the South 20 Apr 1861
–Most munitions and facilities were left intact
•South able to raise the USS Merrimack
–40 gun, steamer/sailer, screw-type propeller
•Turned Merrimack into ironclad and renamed CSS Virginia
•One of a kind

Question 9

As hunley

Answer 9

First sub

Question 10

Flag rank

Answer 10

•Naval flag rank created in 1861 for better cooperation with Army generals

Question 11

Iron clad battle

Answer 11

•Crimean War, Battle of Kinburn 1855
–French hastily construct first iron clad against Russian exploding shells
•Hampton Roads, 1862
–Studied heavily by nations of the world
•Battle of Lissa: 20 Jul 1866
–First battle between Iron-clad steam fleets
–Austria (inferior in #s and guns) vs. Italy
–Studies lessons in tactics, armor, armament and construction
•Guns vs. rams

Question 12

Cannon

Answer 12

Advantages include:
•Increased rate of fire
•Enhanced crew safety
•Increased accuracy
•Increased effective ranges
•Reduced # of guns/crews

Question 13

Steam/ iron

Answer 13

–wooden hulls  iron hulls  steel hulls
–Steel has higher strength but lower density than iron
–Bunkers: coal/tanks/voids in outboard compartments
–Internal sections “segmented” to minimize effects of damage

Question 14

Torpedo

Answer 14

Torpedoes
•Civil War Torpedo = Mine
•1886: Automotive Torpedo with a contact warhead invented by Robert Whitehouse.
•It was a low cost weapon which caused heavy damage

Question 15

Torpedo/feet roger

Answer 15

• Small, light & fast
• Significant threat to large warship
• Led to light quick firing guns
• Led to Torpedo Boat Destroyers to act as shield for capital ships which came to be known as simply Destroyers

Question 16

Sail to steam

Answer 16

–Increases in speed.
•Improved materials allow higher steam pressures.
–Longer ranges.
–Coaling stations required at regular intervals while transiting overseas.

Question 17

Floating

Answer 17

•Countermeasures against low cost weapons:
–Continued advances in compartmentalization.
–New ship types:
•“Torpedo boat destroyer” shortened to just “destroyer” used to screen capital ships from torpedo attacks.
•Minesweepers used to clear minefields.

Question 18

Cruiser

Answer 18

Cruisers
•Larger still
•Also carried large guns to protect against destroyers
•Used also for scouting and commerce raiding.

Question 19

Submarine

Answer 19

•ABCD ships - construction begins in 1883.
–Protected Cruisers: Atlanta, Boston & Chicago
–Dispatch Vessel: Dolphin
–Steam- triple expansion engine greatly increased cruising range (Sail used as secondary means of propulsion).

Question 20

Tactic

Answer 20

•Commerce raiding and coastal defense = Accepted strategies of the U.S. Navy after Civil War.
•Strategies seem obsolete to an influential group of American naval leaders.
–Push to throw off isolationist attitude
•Commodore Stephen B. Luce
–Establishes Naval War College in 1884 at Newport, Rhode Island to:
•“Apply modern scientific methods to the study and raise naval warfare from the empirical stage to the dignity of a science.”

Question 21

Naval publication

Answer 21

•Lecture Notes become the basis of The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783

Question 22

1889

Answer 22

•Naval War College
–RADM Stephen Luce established
–Mahan assigned there in 1884

Question 23

Battleships

Answer 23

•U.S. needs to build a balanced battleship navy capable of defeating enemy fleets
•Colonial extensions  Valuable locations for coaling stations
–Vital to a steam-driven battleship navy
•Isthmus passage (Panama) necessary for U.S. naval power
–Critical maritime “choke-point”
–U.S. Navy as a “Two-Ocean” Navy - Atlantic and Pacific

Question 24

Tactics strategy

Answer 24

•Tactics
–Aspects of operations occurring after the beginning of combat
–Dynamic due to changes in technology of armaments and propulsion
•Strategy
–Should remain constant through periods of technological change
–Mahan didn’t realize the extent to which technology would affect the validity of some of his six elements of sea power

Question 25

Deployed

Answer 25

•How should a navy be deployed?

–Battle fleets

Question 26

Maritime strategy

Answer 26

•Some Principles of Maritime Strategy (1911)
•Points of agreement with Mahan:
–Command of the sea is of prime importance
–Commerce raiding is the strategy of the weaker power
–Lines of communication are crucial in warfare
•Development of naval strategy related to Clausewitz:
–Relationship of naval strategy to government policy
–Interdependence of all elements of national power
–Contingency of any set of principles regarding war

Question 27

USA Maine

Answer 27

•Anarchy in Cuba (1895-1898):
–U.S. investments threatened
–Spanish misrule
•Extortion payments for property protection
•“Reconcentration areas” and propaganda
•Spanish Prime Minister and USS Maine “incident” in Feb 1898
•Declaration of war with Spain in April 1898

Question 28

Alantic fleet

Answer 28

• Atlantic: Sampson/Schley
5 battleships, 2 heavy cruisers plus support ships
• Asiatic: Dewey (China/Japan)
2 heavy / 2 light cruisers plus support ships (117 guns)

Question 29

Manila bay

Answer 29

•Montojo - Manila Bay

1 light cruiser, 1 wood cruiser plus support ships (86 guns)

Question 30

Territory

Answer 30

U.S. Empire
•From Spain: Possession of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines. Naval base in Cuba
•Formerly independent: Wake, Hawaii, Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago)

Question 31

General board Dewey

Answer 31

–Access to Secretary of the Navy and / or the President on a regular basis due to increased importance of the Navy.

Question 32

Panama canal

Answer 32

–Completion of Panama Canal

1900-1904

Question 33

Japanese navy

Answer 33

–“Open Door” policy and Boxer rebellion in China
–Emergence of Japanese fleet via defeat of Russian fleet
–Spanish wholesale of islands in Pacific
–Control and defense of Philipines

Question 34

Naval aviators

Answer 34

•Dawn of Aviation
–Spawned birth of carriers
•Use of liquid petroleum
–Spawned battle cruisers
•Emergence of submarine as a viable, tactical weapon

Question 35

Roughriders

Answer 35

Theodore Roosevelt was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He resigned in 1898 to organize the Rough Riders, the first voluntary cavalry in the Spanish-American War.