Second Test

Question 1

Thicker Crust ______ .

Answer 1

Rises

Question 2

What happens to subduction zones in continental collisions?

Answer 2

The continent eventually clogs up the subduction zone. It is not dense enough to sink into the mantle. This results in a double thickness of the crust.

Question 3

Warmer crust is ______ which means it rises.

Answer 3

Less dense

Question 4

Rift valleys centers are made of ______ and hot crust, while the edges of the valley are _______ and hot

Answer 4

thin ; thick

Question 5

What does stretching do?

Answer 5

Creates a series of crustal blocks separated by normal faults.

Question 6

Brittle rock does water?

Answer 6

Fractures in the cool upper crust.

Question 7

What does ductile rock do?

Answer 7

Flows in the warm lower crust.

Question 8

What is a joint?

Answer 8

A simple crack that is slightly open- small amount of stress.

Question 9

What is a fault?

Answer 9

Crack along which two bodies have moved. Larger amount of stress.

Question 10

Are joints parallel or perpendicular to tension?

Answer 10

Perpendicular

Question 11

Rock is parallel or perpendicular to pressure?

Answer 11

perpendicular to smallest pressure direction and parallel to greater pressure direction

Question 12

Tension produces ____ fault motion.

Answer 12

normal

Question 13

Compression produces _____ fault motion.

Answer 13

Reverse

Question 14

Strike slip faults are produced by _______ stress at transform fault boudaries.

Answer 14

shear

Question 15

Sedimentary rock layers often _____ when compressed.

Answer 15

Fold

Question 16

What is an upward folded layer of rock called

Answer 16

anticline

Question 17

what is a downward folding layer of rock called

Answer 17

syncline

Question 18

Fold and thrust belts are common during what

Answer 18

continental collision (compression)

Question 19

what process creates a metamorphic rock

Answer 19

pressure cooking

Question 20

Metamorphic rocks formed under _______ develop new fabrics.

Answer 20

uneven stress

Question 21

Define cleavage

Answer 21

a set of weak plains developed perpindicular to weak compression

Question 22

define foliation

Answer 22

an alignment of parallel grains developed at higher levels of shear and compression

Question 23

define lineation

Answer 23

growth of elongated mineral crystals

Question 24

low pressure, high temperature rock process

Answer 24

contact metamorphicism

Question 25

blue crystals grow in this type of metamorphism

Answer 25

blueschist metamorphism

Question 26

what are 3 types of weathering processes

Answer 26

temperature change (expand and contract) oxygen (breaks apart during oxidation) , water (disolves away minerals)

Question 27

physical weathering

Answer 27

anything that breaks rock into pieces (pressure, exfoliation, tree roots)

Question 28

rock and soil are pushed down a slope (component)

Answer 28

shear

Question 29

pushing against the slope by gravity (component)

Answer 29

normal

Question 30

Define friction

Answer 30

opposes movement along a slope

Question 31

Causes of landslides

Answer 31

rain, earthquakes, excavation, deforestation

Question 32

three types of rock movements in a landslide

Answer 32

flow, slide, fall

Question 33

rock/debris fall

Answer 33

free fall from a cliff, steep slopes

Question 34

pile of broken rock

Answer 34

talus slope

Question 35

rock/debris slide

Answer 35

slide along a plane of weakness

Question 36

rock/debris slump

Answer 36

movement along a curved plane in a hillslope

Question 37

creep

Answer 37

very slow landslide

Question 38

rock and debris flows

Answer 38

water saturated masses flowing down a hillside

Question 39

rock and debris avalanches

Answer 39

high speed flows down mountainsides

Question 40

chemical weathering

Answer 40

rock materials react with water and oxygen

Question 41

what is the main mover of sediment

Answer 41

water

Question 42

three types of sediment loads

Answer 42

bed load, dissolved load, suspended load

Question 43

bed load

Answer 43

largest pieces bounce and roll across bottom

Question 44

suspended load

Answer 44

smaller pieces float in current

Question 45

dissolved load

Answer 45

chemicals dissolved by water during weathering

Question 46

morraines

Answer 46

sediment deposits carried by glacier movement/melting

Question 47

what is discharge

Answer 47

volume of water moving past a point on a river

Question 48

graph displaying discharge over time

Answer 48

hydrograph

Question 49

drainage divide

Answer 49

high grounds that separate drainage basins

Question 50

drainage basin

Answer 50

the land area where drainage flows into one river or stream

Question 51

flash flood

Answer 51

rapidly rising and falling flood event

Question 52

what creates a waterfall

Answer 52

sharp changes in elevation and rock hardness

Question 53

alluvial fans

Answer 53

form in desserts at the mouth of canyons

Question 54

slope of a river

Answer 54

gradient

Question 55

braided rivers

Answer 55

formed by fast moving water and sediment from spring snowmelt. As water level drops off rivers become choked off from sediment and break into crisscrossing channels (moderately steep gradient, fast water flow)

Question 56

meandering rivers

Answer 56

occur in flat, lowland areas away from mountains, single looping channel, light colored areas equal fresh sediment

Question 57

describe channel migration

Answer 57

meandering rivers erode sediment from the outide of a loop (cutback) and deposit sediment on the inside of a loop (pointbar). over time this causes the channel to migrate across the floodplain, leaving an abandoned channel called an oxbow lake

Question 58

what is a levee

Answer 58

low mounds of sediment next to a river channel, formed during flooding. coarse sediment piles up next to a channel while fine sediment spreads out on a floodplane

Question 59

delta

Answer 59

formed when rivers deposit sediment upon entering the ocean. multiple channels in deltas called distributaries are then formed

Question 60

describe how sediment changes as it goes downstream

Answer 60

river valleys are steepest at headwaters- this is where most erosion occurs. as sediment pieces are carried downstream they are gradually weathered and broken down

Question 61

discharge

Answer 61

width X depth X water speed