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Geology 101 > Second Test > Flashcards

Second Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Thicker Crust ______ .

A

Rises

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2
Q

What happens to subduction zones in continental collisions?

A

The continent eventually clogs up the subduction zone. It is not dense enough to sink into the mantle. This results in a double thickness of the crust.

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3
Q

Warmer crust is ______ which means it rises.

A

Less dense

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4
Q

Rift valleys centers are made of ______ and hot crust, while the edges of the valley are _______ and hot

A

thin ; thick

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5
Q

What does stretching do?

A

Creates a series of crustal blocks separated by normal faults.

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6
Q

Brittle rock does water?

A

Fractures in the cool upper crust.

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7
Q

What does ductile rock do?

A

Flows in the warm lower crust.

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8
Q

What is a joint?

A

A simple crack that is slightly open- small amount of stress.

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9
Q

What is a fault?

A

Crack along which two bodies have moved. Larger amount of stress.

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10
Q

Are joints parallel or perpendicular to tension?

A

Perpendicular

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11
Q

Rock is parallel or perpendicular to pressure?

A

perpendicular to smallest pressure direction and parallel to greater pressure direction

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12
Q

Tension produces ____ fault motion.

A

normal

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13
Q

Compression produces _____ fault motion.

A

Reverse

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14
Q

Strike slip faults are produced by _______ stress at transform fault boudaries.

A

shear

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15
Q

Sedimentary rock layers often _____ when compressed.

A

Fold

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16
Q

What is an upward folded layer of rock called

A

anticline

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17
Q

what is a downward folding layer of rock called

A

syncline

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18
Q

Fold and thrust belts are common during what

A

continental collision (compression)

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19
Q

what process creates a metamorphic rock

A

pressure cooking

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20
Q

Metamorphic rocks formed under _______ develop new fabrics.

A

uneven stress

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21
Q

Define cleavage

A

a set of weak plains developed perpindicular to weak compression

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22
Q

define foliation

A

an alignment of parallel grains developed at higher levels of shear and compression

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23
Q

define lineation

A

growth of elongated mineral crystals

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24
Q

low pressure, high temperature rock process

A

contact metamorphicism

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25
Q

blue crystals grow in this type of metamorphism

A

blueschist metamorphism

26
Q

what are 3 types of weathering processes

A

temperature change (expand and contract) oxygen (breaks apart during oxidation) , water (disolves away minerals)

27
Q

physical weathering

A

anything that breaks rock into pieces (pressure, exfoliation, tree roots)

28
Q

rock and soil are pushed down a slope (component)

A

shear

29
Q

pushing against the slope by gravity (component)

A

normal

30
Q

Define friction

A

opposes movement along a slope

31
Q

Causes of landslides

A

rain, earthquakes, excavation, deforestation

32
Q

three types of rock movements in a landslide

A

flow, slide, fall

33
Q

rock/debris fall

A

free fall from a cliff, steep slopes

34
Q

pile of broken rock

A

talus slope

35
Q

rock/debris slide

A

slide along a plane of weakness

36
Q

rock/debris slump

A

movement along a curved plane in a hillslope

37
Q

creep

A

very slow landslide

38
Q

rock and debris flows

A

water saturated masses flowing down a hillside

39
Q

rock and debris avalanches

A

high speed flows down mountainsides

40
Q

chemical weathering

A

rock materials react with water and oxygen

41
Q

what is the main mover of sediment

A

water

42
Q

three types of sediment loads

A

bed load, dissolved load, suspended load

43
Q

bed load

A

largest pieces bounce and roll across bottom

44
Q

suspended load

A

smaller pieces float in current

45
Q

dissolved load

A

chemicals dissolved by water during weathering

46
Q

morraines

A

sediment deposits carried by glacier movement/melting

47
Q

what is discharge

A

volume of water moving past a point on a river

48
Q

graph displaying discharge over time

A

hydrograph

49
Q

drainage divide

A

high grounds that separate drainage basins

50
Q

drainage basin

A

the land area where drainage flows into one river or stream

51
Q

flash flood

A

rapidly rising and falling flood event

52
Q

what creates a waterfall

A

sharp changes in elevation and rock hardness

53
Q

alluvial fans

A

form in desserts at the mouth of canyons

54
Q

slope of a river

A

gradient

55
Q

braided rivers

A

formed by fast moving water and sediment from spring snowmelt. As water level drops off rivers become choked off from sediment and break into crisscrossing channels (moderately steep gradient, fast water flow)

56
Q

meandering rivers

A

occur in flat, lowland areas away from mountains, single looping channel, light colored areas equal fresh sediment

57
Q

describe channel migration

A

meandering rivers erode sediment from the outide of a loop (cutback) and deposit sediment on the inside of a loop (pointbar). over time this causes the channel to migrate across the floodplain, leaving an abandoned channel called an oxbow lake

58
Q

what is a levee

A

low mounds of sediment next to a river channel, formed during flooding. coarse sediment piles up next to a channel while fine sediment spreads out on a floodplane

59
Q

delta

A

formed when rivers deposit sediment upon entering the ocean. multiple channels in deltas called distributaries are then formed

60
Q

describe how sediment changes as it goes downstream

A

river valleys are steepest at headwaters- this is where most erosion occurs. as sediment pieces are carried downstream they are gradually weathered and broken down

61
Q

discharge

A

width X depth X water speed

Geology 101 (3 decks)

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