Geology 101 Day 1 Flashcards
Qualitive Data
Pictures, decriptions
Quantative Data
Figures
2 types of Data
Qualitive and Quantitive
Hypothesis
a testable explanation
Theory
hypothesis that has survived many tests, accepted by scientific community as a potential explanation
Dynamic
Continuous productive activity or change
Rock formed by Magma
Igneous
Rock formed from weather and erosion
Sedimentary Rock
Rock formed by extreme heat and pressure
Metamorphic
Uniformitarianism
Assumption that the physical laws of the universe are constant over time
Rock precipitated directly from hot water
Hydrothermal
Rock cycle steps
Weathering-Erosion and Transport- Deposition- Burial and lithification- Deformation and Metamorphisism- Melting- Solidification- Uplift
Rock cycle step where wind and other factors create sediment
Weathering
Rock cycle step where loosened pieces are stripped away and are moved by the elements
Erosion and Transport
Rock cycle step where sediment is deposited, buried, and compacted
Burial and lithification
Lithification
sediment to rock formed by natural cement in chemicals contained in underground water
deformation
strong forces squeeze rock and fold its layers
rock cycle step where rock is squeezed or heated
Deformation and Metamorphism
rock cycle step caused by rock being exposed to high temperature
melting
rock cycle step where magma cools and solidifies
solidification
rock cycle step where rocks are pushed back to the surface
uplift
Trading location for time
Uses characteristics of different landscapes to represent different stages of evolution for comparison
Name the 4 Sequences of geological events
- Youngest layer on top, oldest on bottom
- A geological feature (fault) is younger than a rock unit or features a crosscut (magma cutting into rock)
- A younger rock or deposit can include pieces of older rock
- A magma bake can change older rocks nearby
Type of map that emphasis shape of the land by simulating light and dark shading on hills and valleys
Shaded-relief map
Type of map that shows elevation of land with a series of lines called contours
Topographic Map
Type of map that uses measurements of different wavelengths of light reflecting from a land surface (colored)
Satellite map
Type of map that represents the ditribution of rock units and geological features exposed to the surface
Geological map
Elevation
Height above sea level
Depth
Height below sea level
Topographic Relief
difference in elevation from one feature to another
HIgh Relief Area
Large change in elevation between two areas
3D diagram that shows shape of land surface and subsurface of rock units
block diagram
2D figure that shows two dimensional slice through land
Cross section
Section that shows rock units stacked on top of one another
Stratigraphic Section
Collection of diagrams that show history of an area as a series of steps
Evolutionary diagram
What is measured for Orientation
measuring geologic features such as layers, fractures, and folds
What is measured for surface features
Movement of land surface, marking location of data
What is measured for gas composition
volcanic gases quantity and composition
What is measured for water flow and chemistry
velocity and volume of flowing waters in river and groundwater
What is measured in the lab when a rocks composition is tested
Chemical analyses and percentage of different materials in the rock
What are the two ways to date the age of a rock in a lab
Measuring ratios between radioactive elements and magnetic measurements
Density
how much mass is in a given volume
weight
how much force an object exerts under the pull of gravity
formula for density
mass/volume
uniformitarianism
present is key to the past; geologic processes occurring today also occurred in the geologic past
superposition
undisturbed, oldest layer of rock on the bottom, youngest on top
List ways of exploring seafloor
satellite, submersibles, sound waves, drilling
black smokers
hydrothermal vents where hot water jets out into cold seawater
common features of diverging boundaries
mid ocean ridges, rift valleys, underwater volcanoes
common features of converging valleys
trenches, volcanoes, mountain ranges
what instrument is used to test a rocks magnetism
magnetometer
normal polarity definition
south to north
dynamo
electrical generator, earths core
felsic rocks
light color, abundent quartz, feldspar
color of feldspar
cream
color of quartz
grey
color of tourmaline
black
mafic rocks
dark color, magnesium and iron
the upper mantle is composed of
peridotite
describe peridotite
more magnesium and iron minerals. its green sometimes and called olivine. ultra maffic
define decompression melting
pressure decreases and rocks melt
top to bottom of mid ocean ridges (top is sea-)
sea, pillow basalts, sheeted dikes, gabbro, mantle
different types of volcanoes
scoria cone, shield volcano, composite volcano, volcanic dome
describe a scoria cone
cone shaped hills with craters at the summit. smallest type of volcano
dome volcano
dome shaped, solidified lava, can fracture but staysmostly ntact
composite volcano
looks like a science fair volcano
shield volcano
can be small or large. largest volcanos are shield volcanoes.
tephra
ash, pumice, and rock fragments in a volcanic eruption
two types of eruptions
eruption column, pyroclastic flow
eruption column explosion
large volume of gas come out of magma to overcome gravity and clouds of tephra go into the air
pyroclastic flow eruption
less gas, cannot support the eruption column, column colapses downhill under the force of gravity
more viscous lavas contain what type of rock
felsic
less viscous lavas contain what kind of rock
mafic
basaltic magma is more or less explosive on an erruption scale
less
what are two common features of basaltic volcanos
scoria cones, basalt flows
the most dangerous type of volcano is
a composite volcano
two types of rock fractures
joints, faults
how do joints form
when stress pulls rock apart
how do faults form
an unclean break from pressure pulling rocks apart (diagonal)
Describe a silicate mineral
Four oxygen atoms, one silicon atom
Describe independent tetrahedra
No tetrahedra bonded. Olivine. No clear breaks.
Describe a single chain tetrahedra bond.
Two oxygen atoms are shared. Parallel breaking. Pyroxenes.
Describe a double chain tetrahedra connection
Half of the oxygen atoms share two oxygen atoms, other half share three. Cleave parallel to double chains by angles of 60 and 120 degrees. Amphiboles.
Describe a sheet tetrahedra connection
Tetrahedra share three oxygen atoms to form continuous sheets. Parallel cleavage. Micas and clay.
Describe a framework tetrahedra connection
All 4 oxygen atoms are shared. No cleavage, only fractures. Quartz, feldspar.
