Geology 101 Day 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Qualitive Data

A

Pictures, decriptions

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2
Q

Quantative Data

A

Figures

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3
Q

2 types of Data

A

Qualitive and Quantitive

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable explanation

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5
Q

Theory

A

hypothesis that has survived many tests, accepted by scientific community as a potential explanation

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6
Q

Dynamic

A

Continuous productive activity or change

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7
Q

Rock formed by Magma

A

Igneous

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8
Q

Rock formed from weather and erosion

A

Sedimentary Rock

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9
Q

Rock formed by extreme heat and pressure

A

Metamorphic

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10
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Assumption that the physical laws of the universe are constant over time

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11
Q

Rock precipitated directly from hot water

A

Hydrothermal

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12
Q

Rock cycle steps

A

Weathering-Erosion and Transport- Deposition- Burial and lithification- Deformation and Metamorphisism- Melting- Solidification- Uplift

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13
Q

Rock cycle step where wind and other factors create sediment

A

Weathering

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14
Q

Rock cycle step where loosened pieces are stripped away and are moved by the elements

A

Erosion and Transport

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15
Q

Rock cycle step where sediment is deposited, buried, and compacted

A

Burial and lithification

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16
Q

Lithification

A

sediment to rock formed by natural cement in chemicals contained in underground water

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17
Q

deformation

A

strong forces squeeze rock and fold its layers

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18
Q

rock cycle step where rock is squeezed or heated

A

Deformation and Metamorphism

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19
Q

rock cycle step caused by rock being exposed to high temperature

A

melting

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20
Q

rock cycle step where magma cools and solidifies

A

solidification

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21
Q

rock cycle step where rocks are pushed back to the surface

A

uplift

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22
Q

Trading location for time

A

Uses characteristics of different landscapes to represent different stages of evolution for comparison

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23
Q

Name the 4 Sequences of geological events

A
  1. Youngest layer on top, oldest on bottom
  2. A geological feature (fault) is younger than a rock unit or features a crosscut (magma cutting into rock)
  3. A younger rock or deposit can include pieces of older rock
  4. A magma bake can change older rocks nearby
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24
Q

Type of map that emphasis shape of the land by simulating light and dark shading on hills and valleys

A

Shaded-relief map

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25
Q

Type of map that shows elevation of land with a series of lines called contours

A

Topographic Map

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26
Q

Type of map that uses measurements of different wavelengths of light reflecting from a land surface (colored)

A

Satellite map

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27
Q

Type of map that represents the ditribution of rock units and geological features exposed to the surface

A

Geological map

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28
Q

Elevation

A

Height above sea level

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29
Q

Depth

A

Height below sea level

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30
Q

Topographic Relief

A

difference in elevation from one feature to another

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31
Q

HIgh Relief Area

A

Large change in elevation between two areas

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32
Q

3D diagram that shows shape of land surface and subsurface of rock units

A

block diagram

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33
Q

2D figure that shows two dimensional slice through land

A

Cross section

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34
Q

Section that shows rock units stacked on top of one another

A

Stratigraphic Section

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35
Q

Collection of diagrams that show history of an area as a series of steps

A

Evolutionary diagram

36
Q

What is measured for Orientation

A

measuring geologic features such as layers, fractures, and folds

37
Q

What is measured for surface features

A

Movement of land surface, marking location of data

38
Q

What is measured for gas composition

A

volcanic gases quantity and composition

39
Q

What is measured for water flow and chemistry

A

velocity and volume of flowing waters in river and groundwater

40
Q

What is measured in the lab when a rocks composition is tested

A

Chemical analyses and percentage of different materials in the rock

41
Q

What are the two ways to date the age of a rock in a lab

A

Measuring ratios between radioactive elements and magnetic measurements

42
Q

Density

A

how much mass is in a given volume

43
Q

weight

A

how much force an object exerts under the pull of gravity

44
Q

formula for density

A

mass/volume

45
Q

uniformitarianism

A

present is key to the past; geologic processes occurring today also occurred in the geologic past

46
Q

superposition

A

undisturbed, oldest layer of rock on the bottom, youngest on top

47
Q

List ways of exploring seafloor

A

satellite, submersibles, sound waves, drilling

48
Q

black smokers

A

hydrothermal vents where hot water jets out into cold seawater

49
Q

common features of diverging boundaries

A

mid ocean ridges, rift valleys, underwater volcanoes

50
Q

common features of converging valleys

A

trenches, volcanoes, mountain ranges

51
Q

what instrument is used to test a rocks magnetism

A

magnetometer

52
Q

normal polarity definition

A

south to north

53
Q

dynamo

A

electrical generator, earths core

54
Q

felsic rocks

A

light color, abundent quartz, feldspar

55
Q

color of feldspar

A

cream

56
Q

color of quartz

A

grey

57
Q

color of tourmaline

A

black

58
Q

mafic rocks

A

dark color, magnesium and iron

59
Q

the upper mantle is composed of

A

peridotite

60
Q

describe peridotite

A

more magnesium and iron minerals. its green sometimes and called olivine. ultra maffic

61
Q

define decompression melting

A

pressure decreases and rocks melt

62
Q

top to bottom of mid ocean ridges (top is sea-)

A

sea, pillow basalts, sheeted dikes, gabbro, mantle

63
Q

different types of volcanoes

A

scoria cone, shield volcano, composite volcano, volcanic dome

64
Q

describe a scoria cone

A

cone shaped hills with craters at the summit. smallest type of volcano

65
Q

dome volcano

A

dome shaped, solidified lava, can fracture but staysmostly ntact

66
Q

composite volcano

A

looks like a science fair volcano

67
Q

shield volcano

A

can be small or large. largest volcanos are shield volcanoes.

68
Q

tephra

A

ash, pumice, and rock fragments in a volcanic eruption

69
Q

two types of eruptions

A

eruption column, pyroclastic flow

70
Q

eruption column explosion

A

large volume of gas come out of magma to overcome gravity and clouds of tephra go into the air

71
Q

pyroclastic flow eruption

A

less gas, cannot support the eruption column, column colapses downhill under the force of gravity

72
Q

more viscous lavas contain what type of rock

A

felsic

73
Q

less viscous lavas contain what kind of rock

A

mafic

74
Q

basaltic magma is more or less explosive on an erruption scale

A

less

75
Q

what are two common features of basaltic volcanos

A

scoria cones, basalt flows

76
Q

the most dangerous type of volcano is

A

a composite volcano

77
Q

two types of rock fractures

A

joints, faults

78
Q

how do joints form

A

when stress pulls rock apart

79
Q

how do faults form

A

an unclean break from pressure pulling rocks apart (diagonal)

80
Q

Describe a silicate mineral

A

Four oxygen atoms, one silicon atom

81
Q

Describe independent tetrahedra

A

No tetrahedra bonded. Olivine. No clear breaks.

82
Q

Describe a single chain tetrahedra bond.

A

Two oxygen atoms are shared. Parallel breaking. Pyroxenes.

83
Q

Describe a double chain tetrahedra connection

A

Half of the oxygen atoms share two oxygen atoms, other half share three. Cleave parallel to double chains by angles of 60 and 120 degrees. Amphiboles.

84
Q

Describe a sheet tetrahedra connection

A

Tetrahedra share three oxygen atoms to form continuous sheets. Parallel cleavage. Micas and clay.

85
Q

Describe a framework tetrahedra connection

A

All 4 oxygen atoms are shared. No cleavage, only fractures. Quartz, feldspar.