Second Slide Deck Flashcards
Observable features of thigh
Slide 2
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
ETC… Check out that Femoral Triangle…. Oh Baby!
Three of the four muscles that constitute the quadriceps femoris muscle group can be identified:
(Except on your legs ya pansy)
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
The fourth muscle of the group, the __ ___, is deep to the above three
vastus intermedius
Sartorius
on slide 4
is it getting hot in here?
The _______ is the aponeurosis of the tensor fasciae lata plus the gluteus maximus muscles
iliotibial tract
The iliotibial tract is the aponeurosis of the __ plus __
tensor fasciae lata plus the gluteus maximus muscles
is the most lateral structure of the thigh
The iliotibial tract
Three compartments of the thigh
Anterior
Posterior (hamstrings)
Medial (Adductor)
Extensors at the knee, flexion at the hip
Innervation (free appendage muscles): femoral nerve
Anterior compartment
Adductors of the hip
Innervation: obturator (almost all)
Medial compartment (Adductor group)
Flexors at the knee, extensors at the hip
Innervation: tibial nerve (almost all) {tibial division of sciatic nerve, which is why some references state sciatic and some state tibial nerve}
Posterior compartment (‘Hamstrings’)
Look at Slide 7 for an image of the 3 compartments of the thigh
You will need to know this well
Anterior compartment of thigh
List them all!
Pectineus*
Illiopsoas*: psoas major, psoas minor, iIliacus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
- Since these are not within the free appendage, they are often not considered muscles of the thigh, or they may be categorized as “extrinsic” muscles of the thigh
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Posterior compartment (‘Hamstrings’)
- Since these are not within the free appendage, they are often not considered muscles of the thigh, or they may be categorized as “extrinsic” muscles of the thigh
Pectineus* Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus*
Medial compartment (Adductor group)
- Since these are not within the free appendage, they are often not considered muscles of the thigh, or they may be categorized as “extrinsic” muscles of the thigh
Pectineus*
Illiopsoas*: psoas major, psoas minor, iIliacus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Anterior compartment
- Since these are not within the free appendage, they are often not considered muscles of the thigh, or they may be categorized as “extrinsic” muscles of the thigh
Posterior compartment of thigh
List them all!
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Medial compartment of thigh
List them all!
Pectineus* Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus*
Which muscle is transitional between the anterior and medial compartments?
Pectineus*
- Since these are not within the free appendage, they are often not considered muscles of the thigh, or they may be categorized as “extrinsic” muscles of the thigh
What are the “extrinsic” muscles of the thigh?
Pectineus*
Illiopsoas*
Obturator externus*
Slide 9 image
take a gander
Slide 10 image
take a gander
Slide 11 image
take a gander
Thigh muscles illustrated: illiopsoas (psoas + illiacus), sartorius, plus tensor of the fascia lata
slide 11
take a looksy
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Insertion: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates femur at the hip joint, and flexes leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral nerve
Supplemental: longest muscle in the body, it is also known as the tailor’s muscle; upper portion forms lateral border of the femoral triangle
Sartorius
Sartorius
O
A
I
S
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Insertion: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates femur at the hip joint, and flexes leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral nerve
Supplemental: longest muscle in the body, it is also known as the tailor’s muscle; upper portion forms lateral border of the femoral triangle
longest muscle in the body, it is also known as the tailor’s muscle; upper portion forms lateral border of the femoral triangle
sartorius
Iliopsoas
O
A
I
S
Origin:
- –Psoas major: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
- –Iliacus: iliac fossa (of ilium) and sacrum
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Action: Flex the torso and thigh with respect to each other, rotate thigh laterally
Innervation:
- -Psoas: lumbar spinal nerves
- -Iliacus: femoral nerve
Origin:
- –Psoas major: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
- –Iliacus: iliac fossa (of ilium) and sacrum
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Action: Flex the torso and thigh with respect to each other, rotate thigh laterally
Innervation:
- -Psoas: lumbar spinal nerves
- -Iliacus: femoral nerve
Iliopsoas
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and iliac crest
Insertion: tibia by way of iliotibial tract (iliotibial band (ITB))
Action: flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh at hip joint; helps stabilize and steady the hip and knee joints by putting tension on the iliotibial band of fascia
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Tensor Fasciae Latae
O
A
I
S
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and iliac crest
Insertion: tibia by way of iliotibial tract (iliotibial band (ITB))
Action: flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh at hip joint; helps stabilize and steady the hip and knee joints by putting tension on the iliotibial band of fascia
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Thigh muscles illustrated: quadriceps femoris group
slide 15
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee, flexes thigh at the hip joint
Innervation: femoral
Rectus Femoris
Rectus Femoris
O
A
I
S
Rectus Femoris
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee, flexes thigh at the hip joint
Innervation: femoral
Origin: greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Lateralis
O
A
I
S
Vastus Lateralis
Origin: greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral
Origin: linea aspera of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral nerve
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Medialis
O
A
I
S
Vastus Medialis
Origin: linea aspera of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral nerve
Origin: superior anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Intermedius
O
A
I
S
Vastus Intermedius
Origin: superior anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon, then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends the leg at the knee
Innervation: femoral
Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
Hamstring muscles
Features of hamstring muscles ?
Origin on ischial tuberosity
Insert on a bone of the leg (tibia or fibula)
Innervated by tibial nerve (of the sciatic nerve)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris (long head only)
Part of the adductor magnus (the ‘hamstring’ AKA vertical or posterior portion)
——Hamstring muscles by below criteria are:
Origin on ischial tuberosity
Insert on a bone of the leg (tibia or fibula)
Innervated by tibial nerve (of the sciatic nerve)
Because the hamstrings cross two joints (hip and knee) they have action in
extending the thigh at the hip and flexing the leg at the knee
Hamstring muscles
But they cannot do both maximally at the same time since performing either action maximally requires so much shortening of the muscle, there is not enough shortening capability left to perform the other action to any great degree
Hamstring muscles
Origin:
- –Long head: ischial tuberosity
- –Short head: linea aspera of femur
Insertion: fibular head and lateral tibial condyle
Action: entire muscle flexes the leg at the knee, and long head extends thigh at the hip joint
Innervation: sciatic nerve constituents
- –Long head: tibial nerve
- –Short head: common fibular nerve
Biceps Femoris
Biceps Femoris
O
A
I
S
Biceps Femoris
Origin:
- –Long head: ischial tuberosity
- –Short head: linea aspera of femur
Insertion: fibular head and lateral tibial condyle
Action: entire muscle flexes the leg at the knee, and long head extends thigh at the hip joint
Innervation: sciatic nerve constituents
- –Long head: tibial nerve
- –Short head: common fibular nerve
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
Action: flexes leg at the knee, and extends the thigh at the hip
Innervation: tibial nerve ( a component of the sciatic nerve)
Semitendinosus
Semitendinosus
O
A
I
S
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
Action: flexes leg at the knee, and extends the thigh at the hip
Innervation: tibial nerve ( a component of the sciatic nerve)
Semimembranosus
O
A
I
S
Semimembranosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of tibia
Action: flexes leg at the knee, and extends the thigh at the hip
Innervation: tibial nerve
Medial Compartment/Adductors
General origin: pubis, insertion: femur (linea aspera)
Innervation: obturator nerve
Action: adduct the thigh at the hip joint
Adductor longus, brevis, magnus
Gracilis, Pectineus
Exceptions:
Adductor magnus has a ‘hamstring portion’ so it receives tibial nerve innervation
Gracilis inserts on medial tibia, so it can flex at the knee as well
Pectineus often appears to be composed of two layers; superficial and deep, wherein the superficial layer is innervated by the femoral nerve, and the deep layer is innervated by the obturator nerve. Since the pectineus both adducts and flexes the thigh, it is actually a transitional muscle between the anterior and medial compartments.
thanks for all the info you…. *#%^%@!!
Adductor Brevis
O
A
I
S
Origin: pubis
Insertion: linea aspera of femur
Action: adducts and flexes the thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve
Adductor Longus
O
A
I
S
Origin: pubis
Insertion: linea aspera of femur
Action: adducts and flexes the thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve
Adductor Magnus
O
A
I
S
Origin:
Anterior (adductor) head: pubis and ischium
Posterior (hamstrings) head: ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
Anterior (adductor) part: linea aspera of femur
Posterior (hamstrings) part: adductor tubercle of femur
Action:
Anterior (adductor) part: adducts and flexes thigh
Posterior (hamstrings) part: adducts and extends thigh
Innervation:
Anterior (adductor) part: obturator nerve
Posterior (vertical or hamstring) portion: tibial nerve
Pectineus
O
A
I
S
Origin: pubis
Insertion: pectineal line of femur
Action: adducts the thigh and flexes the hip joint
Innervation: femoral nerve; frequently also obturator nerve
____ is presented here as a component of the medial compartment. Since it both adducts and flexes the thigh, it is actually a transitional muscle between the anterior and medial compartments.
Pectineus
Gracilis
O
A
I
S
Origin: pubis
Insertion: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
Action: adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip, and flexes the leg at the knee
Innervation: obturator nerve
The Adductor Canal and Adductor Hiatus
Adductor canal (subsartorial canal):
Begins where ___ crosses ___
Ends in the adductor hiatus formed by ___ ____
Femoral artery & vein, saphenous nerve (a branch of the femoral nerve)
Begins where sartorius crosses adductor longus
Ends in the adductor hiatus formed by adductor magnus
Femoral artery & vein, saphenous nerve (a branch of the femoral nerve)
The femoral artery exits the adductor canal at the _____, and becomes the popliteal artery.
Likewise, the popliteal vein becomes the femoral vein when it enters the
adductor hiatus
adductor canal.
Adductor hiatus
Shown is the opening to the adductor canal in the thigh
It is overlain by the _____, which is reflected here
It is through the adductor hiatus that vessels travel from the anterior thigh to the posterior thigh in their course toward the popliteal fossa
sartorius
slide 36
Adductor hiatus
The adductor hiatus marks the end of the adductor canal at the opening of the….
…long tendon of the adductor magnus
Pes anserine group
which conjoined tendons?
Pes anserine (AKA pes anserinus; Latin for goose’s foot) is the final common tendinous insertion of the conjoined tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles onto the anteromedial proximal tibia.
The conjoined tendon lies superficial to the tibial insertion of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee, and is sometimes also called the inside hamstring muscles, being responsible for flexing the knee and stabilizing the inside of the knee.
Pes anserine group
The Femoral Triangle
landmark?
nerves and vessels?
boundaries?
Important landmark in the superomedial thigh
Femoral nerves and vessels pass through this space
Boundaries Base: inguinal ligament (external oblique) Lateral: sartorius Medial: adductor longus Floor: iliopsoas & pectineus
Boundaries Base: inguinal ligament (external oblique) Lateral: sartorius Medial: adductor longus Floor: iliopsoas & pectineus
The Femoral Triangle
slide 41 images
images
Femoral Triangle
contents?
Contents
Across the superior aspect of the femoral triangle, the major vessels and nerves are arranged from lateral to medial: femoral Nerve, Artery, Vein, and Lymphatics.
Mnemonic: N, A, Ve, L or NAVL or NAVeL
Femoral nerve damage in this area may impair ability to extend the knee.
Femoral Triangle
‘NAVEL’
Femoral nerve & femoral sheath
Femoral canal
Allows distension of the femoral vein
Normally filled with extraperitoneal fat
Femoral ring at proximal end and saphenous hiatus at distal end
Femoral Triangle
SLIDE 45 FEMORAL TRIANGLE
SWEET
Falciform margin OF FEMORAL TRIANGLE
COVERED BY?
Covered by cribriform fascia
superficial fascia
Femoral Triangle SUPERIOR BORDER?
Superior border is the inguinal ligament
Femoral Triangle LATERAL AND MEDIAL BORDER?
Boundaries of the femoral triangle:
Lateral border is the sartorius
Medial border is adductor longus
Femoral Triangle FLOOR (2 MUSCLES)?
Boundaries of the femoral triangle:
Floor is formed by the
Iliopsoas muscle
Pectineus muscle
Structures seen here in the femoral triangle are
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral Triangle
Cutaneous innervation to the anterior thigh
Supplied by the femoral nerve
Cutaneous innervation to the lateral thigh
Supplied by lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Cutaneous innervation to the posterior thigh
Supplied by posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Cutaneous innervation to the medial thigh
Supplied by obturator nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, AKA lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, courses at or near…
the anterior superior iliac spine. It is therefore subject to damage when the ASIS is severely traumatized.
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve supplies
skin of inferior buttock, posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, and lateral perineum
Obturator Nerve supplies the
skin of the medial thigh
A good anterior landmark is L4, which crosses the
knee and medial malleolus.
Posteriorly, S1 extends from the
lateral head of the gastrocnemius
Posteriorly, S2 extends from the
medial head of the gastrocnemius
the diamond-shaped depression of the posterior aspect of the knee
popliteal fossa
It is bounded superiorly by the hamstrings and inferiorly by the two heads of the gastrocnemius and the plantaris
Popliteal fossa
All important vessels and nerves from the thigh to the leg pass through this fossa
Popliteal fossa
Tendons visible at the popliteal area:
Tendon of semitendinosus muscle (medial)
Tendon of biceps femoris (lateral)
A portion of the iliotibial tract can be seen lateral to the tendon of biceps femoris (see subsequent illustration(s)) OF SLIDE 59
Popliteal fossa
POPLITEAL FOSSA
Roof: ?
Floor: ?
Roof: popliteal fascia
Floor: popliteal surface of
the femur
empties into the popliteal vein
Small saphenous vein
Popliteal artery and vein
The femoral artery (or vein) becomes the popliteal artery (or vein) when it passes through the ____
Artery on left at bottom
Vein on right (can see more vein than artery)
adductor hiatus
The largest joint in the human body,
the knee is a complex, weight-bearing hinge-type synovial joint comprising ligaments, cartilage, bone, and bursae
It is relatively weak mechanically due to incongruence of its articular surfaces, and the absence of some degree of enclosure of one articulating bone by the other, such as occurs in the shoulder, elbow, and hip
the knee
The knee joint consists of three articulations
Femoral and tibial condyles comprising two articulations (lateral and medial articulations)
Patella and femur (AKA the patellofemoral joint, the third articulation)
The ____ is not involved in the knee joint
Movements at the knee are are illustrated on the following slide
fibula
(AKA the patellofemoral joint, the third articulation) OF THE KNEE
Patella and femur
(AKA the patellofemoral joint, the third articulation) OF THE KNEE
Patella and femur
Capsule of the knee joint
Fibrous capsule formed by the combination of?
Patella and patellar ligament (which form the anterior part of the capsule)
Capsule of the knee joint
(forming the superior, posterior, and inferior portions of the capsule)?
Articular margins of the condyle and intercondylar fossa of the femur, and the condyle of the tibia
Lines the internal aspect of the fibrous capsule (a general feature of synovial joints)
Attaches to the periphery of the patella and the edges of the menisci
Reflects onto the cruciate ligaments
Synovial membrane OF THE KNEE JOINT
Five extracapsular ligaments strengthen the knee joint:
Patellar ligament
Fibular collateral ligament, AKA lateral collateral ligament, provides stability to the lateral aspect of the knee
Tibial collateral ligament, AKA medial collateral ligament, provides stability to the medial aspect of the knee
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Which is stronger… the Tibial collateral ligament or the Fibular collateral ligament?
Which is damaged more?
The tibial collateral ligament is weaker than the fibular collateral ligament, and is more often damaged
AKA lateral collateral ligament, provides stability to the lateral aspect of the knee
Fibular collateral ligament
AKA medial collateral ligament, provides stability to the medial aspect of the knee
Tibial collateral ligament
take a look at 69
the slide…. not………… you’re sick
Menisci
Fibrocartilaginous disc on the tibia which deepen the articular surface, act as
shock absorbers, and fill in gaps during joint movement
Menisci
Peripherally they attach to the __ and are within ___?
synovial capsule, and are within the synovial capsule
Menisci
____ is attached to the tibial collateral ligament, and is more likely to be injured than is the lateral meniscus
Medial meniscus
Menisci
______ is not attached to its corresponding ligament, the fibular collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus
Nearly circular in shape
Smaller and more freely movable than the medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
C-shaped
Larger than the lateral meniscus
Tearing of the tibial collateral ligament frequently results in concomitant tearing of the medial meniscus because of their firm attachment to each other
Medial meniscus
Medial meniscus
shape?
tearing of this often tears the medial meniscus?
C-shaped
Larger than the lateral meniscus
Tearing of the tibial collateral ligament frequently results in concomitant tearing of the medial meniscus because of their firm attachment to each other
The ___ ___ of the knee connects the lateral and medial menisci anteriorly
transverse ligament
Intra-articular Ligaments
ACL and PCL
crisscross within the articular capsule of the joint, but outside the synovial joint cavity
Cruciate ligaments
Anterior intercondylar area of tibia to lateral femoral condyle
Weaker of the two cruciate ligaments
Slack when the knee if flexed, taut when the knee is fully extended
Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia (relative to the femur)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior intercondylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle
Stronger of the two cruciate ligaments
Tightens during flexion of the knee joint
Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia (relative to the femur)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Anterior intercondylar area of tibia to…
lateral femoral condyle
Weaker of the two cruciate ligaments
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Slack when the knee if flexed, taut when the knee is fully extended
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia (relative to the femur)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior intercondylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Stronger of the two cruciate ligaments
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Tightens during flexion of the knee joint
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia (relative to the femur)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
arises from the front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia
The anterior cruciate ligament
It inserts on the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur
The anterior cruciate ligament
It is taut when the knee is extended, preventing hyperextension of the knee joint
The anterior cruciate ligament
arises from behind the intercondylar eminence of the tibia
posterior cruciate ligament
It inserts on the lateral side of the medial condyle of the femur
posterior cruciate ligament
It is taut when the knee is flexed, and is the main stabilizing factor for the femur in the weight bearing flexed knee (as in when walking downhill)
posterior cruciate ligament
is completely separated from the capsule of the knee joint
Fibular collateral ligament
It arises on the lateral condyle of the femur
near the origin of the popliteus muscle, and ends on the lateral head of the fibula
Fibular collateral ligament
Because it does not attach directly to the lateral meniscus, the lateral meniscus is less likely to sustain concomitant damage than is the medial meniscus which is firmly attached to the tibial collateral ligament
Fibular collateral ligament
78 has images of Tightening of cruciate ligaments
78
79 has a pretty pic
79 = pretty
Bursae are sacs or pouches of synovial fluid located at friction points, especially about joints
Bursae of knee
IMAGE ON SLIDE 80 is WORTH IT!!!
Within the synovial capsule
Menisci
Ligaments that involve “menisco-” in their name: anterior and posterior meniscofemoral
The proximal attachment of the popliteus muscle
Bursae (not really within the synovial capsule, but they communicate with it), most notably the suprapatellar bursae.
Most notable bursae of the synovial capsule?
most notably the suprapatellar bursae.
ARTERIES OF THE KNEE
slide 83
Because the stability of the knee joint depends almost entirely on its associated ligaments and muscles, knee joint injuries are common
The most common knee injuries in contact sports are ___ which occur when?
ligament sprains, which occur when the foot is fixed in the ground—a force is applied against the knee when the foot can not move, resulting in the sprain
The firm attachment of the tibial collateral ligament to the medial meniscus is of clinical significance because
tearing of the tibial (medial) collateral ligament frequently results in concomitant tearing of the medial meniscus
Knee Joint Injuries
Twisting strains of the tibial collateral ligament may tear or detach the medial meniscus from the fibrous capsule, in turn
rupturing the ACL producing an “unhappy triad of injuries”
Severe force directed anteriorly with the knee semiflexed may tear the __
__ ruptures allow the tibia to slide anteriorly from the femur
ACL
The anterior drawer test evaluates the integrity of the __
Endpoint laxity suggests a ruptured __
ACL
The PCL is strong (stronger than the ACL), although it may be ruptured when a player lands on the __ with the knee ___
tibial tuberosity with the knee flexed.
PCL ruptures usually occur in conjunction with
tibial or fibular ligament tears.
PCL ruptures allow the tibia to slide
posteriorly from the femur
The posterior drawer test evaluates the integrity of the ___
Endpoint laxity suggests a ruptured ___
PCL
One of the most common problems experienced by runners
Patellofemoral stress syndrome
Also called “runner’s knee”
Patellofemoral stress syndrome
Patellofemoral stress syndrome
EXPLAIN WHAT’S GOING ON IN THE KNEE… IF YOU CAN’T MAYBE LOOK AT THIS SLIDE A FEW MORE TIMES HUH!?!
(Or maybe it’s time to ring the bell?)
During flexion and extension of the knee, the patella tracks (glides) laterally in addition to the normal superior and inferior movement within the groove of the femoral condyles.
This places increased pressure on the joint, causing aching or tenderness around or under the patella.
Pain generally occurs after sitting for awhile, especially after exercise. It is worsened by walking down stairs, or by squatting.
Patellofemoral stress syndrome
Causes and predisposing factors:
Constantly walking, running, or jogging on the same side of the road. Roads slope down on the sides, so the knee that is closer to the center of the road endures greater mechanical stress because it does not fully extend during a stride
Running on hills
Running long distances
Genu valgum (knock knees)
Pain generally occurs after sitting for awhile, especially after exercise. It is worsened by walking down stairs, or by squatting.
Patellofemoral stress syndrome
