Second PP Flashcards
what is the cardio vascular system?
made up of the heart and the blood vessels, circulation of blood into the right atrium to the right ventricle out to the lungs back into the left atrium to the left ventricle out through the body.
What is the Anatomy & Physiology of the Cardiovascular System?
heart, arteries & arterioles, veins & venules, capillaries, and blood, Conductive System – Myocardium
* Muscle & Heart
– Contract & Conduct – Produces Electrical
Impulses
* Only Muscle Able to
Produce it’s Own Electrical Stimulation
Explain how the Atrium works
Right-Receives Blood from Lungs. Left- Receives Blood from Body
Explain how the Ventricle works
Pumps to the lungs and to the body
What does Asystole Mean
No electrical activity
What is the job of the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary Artery
* From Right Ventricle, Carries O2 Poor Blood
What is the carotid?
Carotids
* Supplies Head & Neck
What is the Femoral artery?
Femoral
* Supply Legs, Palpated in Groin
What does the Radial Artery apply to?
Lower Arm, Follows Radius, Thumb Side
What does the4 Brachial Artery apply to?
Upper Arm, Follows Humerus Between Bicep & Tricep Muscles, Used For BP
What does the Posterior Tibal refer to?
Posterior Medial Malleolus – Back, Inside Ankle
Where is the Dorsalis Pedis located?
Anterior Foot
What is the job of your veins?
-Carries Blood Back to the Heart – Pulmonary Vein
* Carries O2 Rich Blood From Lungs to Left Atrium
What is the job of the Venae Cava?
- Superior & Inferior
- From Body to Right Atrium
What are the red blood cells?
-Oxygen to Organs
– CO2 from Organs
– Gives Color
what are the white blood cells responsible for?
– Fights Infection
what is the job of the plasma?
Fluid carries blood
What are Platelets?
Clotting
What are Peripheral Pulses?
– Radial
– Brachial
– Posterior Tibial – Dorsalis Pedis
Central Pulses?
– Carotid
– Femoral
What is Systolic blood pressure?
- Pressure Exerted on Walls of Artery When Left Ventricle Contracts
What is Diastolic blood pressure?
- Pressure Exerted on Walls of Artery When Left Ventricle Relaxes
what does ACS stand for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
What is ACS?
– Catch All Phrase
– Describes any problem of the heart when it does
not receive enough oxygen
What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
– Arteries are Narrowed or Blocked
* Reduced Blood Flow
* Reduced O2 to Heart Muscle
– Fatty Deposits Form Plaque
– Calcium and Plaque Causes Hardening
– Thrombus May Form – Blood Clot
– Thrombus May Break Off and Travel - Embolism
What causes cardiovascular Compromise-Atherosclerosis?
Hardening of the Arteries Build-up of Calcium and Plaque
What are the risk factors for CAD?
– Obesity
– Lack of Exercise
– Elevated Cholesterol and Triglycerides – Cigarette Smoking
Physiology of Pulse
– Left Ventricle
Contracts
– Systolic BP
– Pulse Palpated Where
Artery is Close to Skin Surface
Inadequate circulation, profound depression of the vital processes, what are they symptoms and signs?
– Pale, Cyanotic, Cool Clammy Skin, Rapid Weak Pulse, Rapid Shallow Breathing, Restlessness, Anxiety, Mental Dullness, Nausea, Vomiting, Reduction in Blood Volume, Subnormal Temperature, Low or Decreasing BP
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE – CHF
- Poor Pump That Backs-up Fluid
- Right Sided Failure – JVD
– Unexplained Weight Gain – Urinary Output (Night) - Left Sided Failure
- Lungs / Breathing - Dependent Edema
- Sleepless
Symptoms of CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE – CHF
- Anxiety
- Confusion
- Increased Respiratory Rate * Dyspnea
- Diff. Breathing While Flat – Pillows???
- Distended Neck Veins
- Pink Sputum
- Rapid Heart Rate
- Normal to High Blood Pressure
- Abdominal Distention
- Edema of the Lower Extremities
What is PULMONARY EDEMA
- Fluid Backing Up In the Lungs * Usually Starts In the Bases
- Gradually Fills Lungs
- The Patient Is Drowning
What are CHF medication and its complications ?
– Digoxin, Lanoxin (Cardiac Glycosides)
* Actions – Slows Heart Rate, Increases Filling Volume & Contraction, Greater Velocity
– “Pril’s”, Vasotec, Prinivil (ACE Inhibitors) * BP Regulation
– Lasix, Furosemide, Bumex (Diuretics) * Removes Salt – Water Follows Salt
What are the Signs & Symptoms of Cardiac Chest Pain?
Chest Pain, Dull, Squeezing, Tight, Heavy, Pressure
* Commonly Radiates – Left Arm, Neck, Jaw, Upper Back
* Sudden Onset of Sweating
* Difficulty Breathing
Anxiety, Irritability, Impending Doom * Epigastric Pain, Nausea, Vomiting
* Palpitations / Fluttering
* Abnormal Pulse or BP
– Tachycardia (Above 100 Beats per Minute) – Bradycardia (Below 60 Beats per Minute)
Assessing Cardiac Compromise
No history of cardiac problems, OR
* History of cardiac problems but no nitroglycerin,
OR
* Systolic blood pressure is <100
Assessing Cardiac Compromise, transport decision
If available, transport patient to hospitals that have:
– “Clot-buster” capabilities
– Ability to perform angioplasty
* Local protocols will provide guidance.
What falls under emergency care?
If Unresponsive & Pulse is Absent – Start CPR, Use AED
– Use Pediatric Pads On Small Children
* Responsive with Known Cardiac History – Perform Initial Assessment
– Perform Focused History & Physical Exam – Place Patient in Position of Comfort
Questions to ask when determining emergency care
- Chest Pain / Discomfort – Treat as Cardiac
– Apply O2
– Assess Baseline Vitals - Questions
– O, P, Q, R, S, T – S, A, M, P, L, E - Prescribed NTG ?
When to use NTG?
BP Must Be Above 100 Systolic to Use NTG!!!
– May Assist With 1 Dose
– Reassess Patient and Vital Signs
* BP Must Remain Above 100 Systolic to Continue w/ NTG
– Contact Medical Command
– Normal Dose of NTG is 1 Every 3-5 Minutes,
Maximum of 3 Tablets or Sprays
What are the medication forms that an EMT can assist in NTG?
-tablet
-spray=1 spray=1 tablet
What are the forms of medication that EMT can not assist is NTG?
-patch
-ointment/paste
Contradictions in NTG?
Hypotension – BP 100 mmHg Systolic
– Head Injury
– Infants & Children
– Patient Has Already Taken Maximum Dose – Men Taking Viagra or Other E.D. Meds
* Max Dose
– 3 Tablets or Sprays
What does NTG do?
– Relaxes / Dilates Coronary Arteries
* Perhaps Allowing More Blood Past Blockage – Decreases the Workload of Heart
– Dilates All Blood Vessels
What are the side effects of NTG?
Hypotension
– Headache
– Pulse Rate Changes
What is the Maximum dosage of NTG?
THREE DOSES
When is chest pain protocol applied?
only when NTG is given
cardiac related issues
Pacemaker
– Regulates Heart Rate
– Usually Near a Clavicle
– If It Malfunctions Pt May Have Rate/Pressure Problem
* Defibrillator
– Chest or Abdomen
– Most are Pacemaker/Defibrillator Combo – Low Energy No Danger to You
* Cardiac Bypass Surgery
Ventricular Assist Device
– Mechanical Device That Pumps Blood for the Heart – Located in the Chest – External Power Supply
