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Cardiac Emergency > First PP > Flashcards

First PP Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

In Chronic Bronchitis what are the signs of a Blue Bloater?

A

– Obese
– Cyanotic
– Productive Cough
– Accessory Muscle Use
– Frequent Lung Infections – Mimic Right Sided CHF
* Cor Pulmonale
– Hypertrophy - Stretched
– Rhonchi & Wheezing

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2
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Breakdown of alveoli walls
* Reduces surface area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
* Reduced elasticity of lungs
* Polycythemia
* Excess RBC
* Thick blood & clots

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3
Q

What is a Pink Puffer?

A

– Barrel Chest – Pursed Lips – Pink Color – Dry Cough
* No Cough – Wheezing?

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?

A

Extreme difficulty of breathing on minimal exertion
Pink complexion (Emphysema patients are often called “pink puffers.”)
Tachypnea—breathing rate usually greater than 20 per minute at rest
Tripod position
May be on home oxygen

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5
Q

What is Asthma?

A
  • Episodic disease
  • Narrowing of bronchioles & overproduction of mucus
  • Typically one directional, allowing air into lungs but requiring forceful exhalation (wheezing)
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6
Q

What causes asthma?

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • Pollutants
  • Exercise & stress
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7
Q

What causes a Pulmonary Edema?

A

– Accumulation of Fluid in the Alveoli
* Left Ventricular Damage
* Low Atmospheric Pressure (High Altitude) – Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
* Right or Left Sided Failure
* Edema Legs or Back (Pitting Edema) * JVD
* Lungs

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of a pulmonary Edema?

A

– Feeling Worse at Night for Days
– Weight Gain Over Several Days (Swelling) – Anxiety (Hypoxia)
– Pale Sweaty Skin
– Rapid Labored Breathing
– Tachycardia and Hypertension

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9
Q

how do you treat a pulmonary edema?

A

High Flow O2, CPAP, or Artificial Ventilation – Keep Legs Down

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10
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower airways(alveoli)

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11
Q

What are symptoms of Pneumonia ?

A

Sudden Onset of Fever, Chills, Shaking
* Productive Cough w/ Colorful Sputum
* Pain - Aggravated w/ Breathing & Coughing * Dyspnea w/ Accessory Muscle Use
* Fatigue - Tires Easily
* Lung Sounds - Wheezing, Rales, Rhonchi

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12
Q

What is spontaneous Pneumothorax?

A

Lung collapses without injury or other obvious cause
* Tall, thin people, and smokers are at higher risk for this condition

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Sharp, pleuritic chest pain
– Decreased or absent lung sounds on side
with injured lung
– Shortness of breath/dyspnea on exertion
– Low oxygen saturation, cyanosis
– Tachycardia

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14
Q

What causes a pulmonary embolism?

A

Blockage in blood supply to lungs
* Commonly caused by deep vein
thrombosis (DVT)
* Increased risk from limb immobility, local trauma, abnormally fast blood clotting

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15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism ?

A

– Chest pain
– Shortness of breath
– Low oxygen saturation/cyanosis – Tachycardia
– Wheezing

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16
Q

What is Epigolottis infection?

A

Infection causing swelling around glottic opening
* In severe cases, swelling can cause airway obstruction

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17
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of epiglottis infection?

A

– Sore throat, drooling, difficult swallowing
– Preferred upright or tripod position
– Sick appearance
– Muffled voice
– Fever
– Stridor

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18
Q

What is Cystic fibrosis ?

A

Genetic disease typically appearing in childhood
* Causes thick, sticky mucus accumulating in the lungs and digestive system
* Mucus can cause life-threatening lung infections and serious digestion proble

19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

– Coughing with large amounts of mucus – Fatigue
– Frequent occurrences of pneumonia
– Abdominal pain and distention
– Coughing up blood
– Nausea
– Weight loss

20
Q

What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?

A

– Caregiver often best resource for baseline
assessment of patient
– Caregivers can often guide treatment
– Assess for, and treat, inadequate breathing
– Transport

21
Q

What are viral respiratory infections?

A

Infection of respiratory tract
*effects patients with underlying respiratory diseases like COPD

22
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory infections?

A
  • Often starts with sore or scratchy throat with sneezing, runny nose, and fatigue
  • Fever and chills
  • Infection can spread into lungs, causing
    shortness of breath
  • Cough can be persistent; may produce yellow or greenish sputum
23
Q

What artificial ventilation can be provided

A

Flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device (FROPVD)
* One rescuer bag-valve mask with supplemental oxygen

24
Q

What does artificial ventilation do?

A

– Chest rises & Falls W/ Each Ventilation – Sufficient Rate
* Adult 12 / Minute
* Infant & Child 20 / Minute
– Heart Rate Returns to Normal – Skin Color Improves

25
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

– Low Oxygen

26
Q

what are the signs of hypoxia?

A

– Shortness of Breath
– Restlessness –Pulse Rate –Breathing Rate –Breathing Rate

27
Q

skin Color Changes – Cyanotic

A

Blue

28
Q

skin color changes –
Pale

A

(White/Gray)

29
Q

skin color changes –
Flushed

A

(Red)

30
Q

what is noisy breathing?

A

Crowing
– Wheezing – Gurgling – Snoring
– Stridor
* Harsh, High-Pitched Sound * Upper Airway Obstruction

31
Q

how can you tell someone is having trouble breathing?

A

inability to Speak - Short Choppy Sentences
* Retractions / Accessory Muscles
* Shallow / Slow Breathing
* Abdominal Breathing - Using Only the
Diaphragm
* Coughing
* Irregular Rhythm
* Unusual Anatomy – ie: Barrel Chested
* Patient Position - Tripod

32
Q

What can you apply for emergency care for trouble in breathing

A

Apply O2,
Alupent
Proventil
Maxair
Ventolin

33
Q

generic medication names

A

– Albuterol, Isoetharine, Metaproteranol

34
Q

trade name medication

A

– Proventil, Ventolin, Bronkosol, Bronkometer, Alupent, Metaprel

35
Q

what is a vasodilator?

A
  • Muscles, Liver, Relaxes Uterine Muscles * Releases Insulin
36
Q

what is a Bronchodilator?

A

– Relaxes the Smooth Muscles
of the Lungs, Decreasing Airway Resistance * Side Effects
– Increased Pulse Rate – Nervousness
– Tremors

37
Q

What does CPAP stand for?

A
  • Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
38
Q

What does CPAP do?

A

– Most Common Non-invasive Positive Pressure
Ventilation
– Prevent Alveoli From Collapsing
– Pushes Fluid Out of Alveoli
– Uses
* Asthma
* PulmonaryEdema * COPD
* Drowning

39
Q

Contradictions of cpap?

A

Depressed Mental Status
– Respiratory Arrest
– Unable to Sit Up
– Hypotension
– Unable to Seal Mask

40
Q

when not to use cpap?

A

patient is Claustrophobic
– Patient Can’t Tolerate Mask
– History of Inability to Use CP AP – Copious Secretions / Suctioning – History of Pulmonary Fibrosis

41
Q

what is hypotension?

A
  • Minimum Systolic BP of 90 mmHg – Weak Lung Tissue Damage
  • Pneumothorax
    – Vomiting Could Lead to Aspiration – Drying of the Eyes
42
Q

what are some cpap devices?

A

oxygen powered
battery powere
venturi principle

43
Q

NO AIRWAY + NO O2 = DEATH !

A

NO AIRWAY + NO O2 = DEATH !

44
Q

what is a re-assessment strategy?

A

– Monitor Vital Signs
– On-Going Assessment
– Respiratory Patients Can Deteriorate Rapidly

Cardiac Emergency (3 decks)

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