second half of term vocab Flashcards
1
Q
famines in india
A
multiple famines - killed millions
british exported indian food, left indians with nothing
2
Q
temple wage
A
food rations given to people in elected labor camps (not given enough so a lot of people died). was considered famine relief. named after temple who was condemned for giving porters too much food the first time he did it “didn’t make it hard enough”
3
Q
roger casement
A
irishman who investigated and exposed the truth about the congo and could not be charmed by leopold
4
Q
rudyard kipling
A
wrote “white man’s burden” - white are “helping” world without thanks
idea is it wasn’t for them and the benefit was of those “less than”
5
Q
the great hunger
A
famine in ireland (1840s)
rich families owned majority of the land and pushed irish into one little area and they lived in hovels – lived off potatoes so when they died off they had nothing to eat
britain would not help them even though they were catholic they saw them as inferior
6
Q
famines under british rule
A
caused by british rule because there was shift from subsistent crops to cash/export crops. no help from britain
7
Q
george valentia
A
against spreading christianity in india and interracial marriage - it would mess w/ castes
believed if indians became christian/mixed race they would demand better treatment
8
Q
sepoy rebellion 1857
A
failed rebellion against british east india comany (EIC). initially group of indian soldiers (sepoys) mutiny against EIC army but spread and became rebellion of wider indian population
9
Q
millenarian movements
A
apocalyptic expectations of world renewal through extraordinary practices of the community. how those in power manipulate minorities who have no other option but to comply in hopes of things getting better
led to religious movements
10
Q
shakers
A
protestant sect in england–US preparing for second coming of christ (1870s)
11
Q
ibn abd al-wahhab
A
eastern arabia, religious scholar puritanical perspective of islam that were far away from islamic thought. got married to someone in alsoud tribe who had ambitions to rule in arabia that grew into first saudi state that was eventually destroyed by ottomans. these ideas percolated later but didn’t come to much until 1920s
12
Q
french invasion of algeria, 1830
A
- france in algerian capitol and began violent takeover
- political disagreements/france wanted to colonize
- french colonization (1830-1965)
- algerian natives hid in caves+fought back
- tribes killed by smoke - fires set at mouths of caves
13
Q
european revolutions of 1848
A
- many successful revolutions in 1700s (US, haiti, france) that inspired others
- wealthy land owners in power
- many protests in european cities summer 1848 (all crushed)
- was enlightenment successful? still economic problems and surpluses not being shared
14
Q
american civil war and reconstruction
A
15
Q
california genocide
A
yahi + other native tribes killed by white settlers because US wanted land
“indian hunters” reinbursed for killing
ishi was last yahi and hid for 40 years as last survivor
16
Q
the long depression
A
- first major failure of global free market
- “too much winning” - system worked well short-term but failed long term
- “winning” - bismarck’s victory in franco prussian war + union victory in US civil war
- 1873 vienna stock market crash
- keep profits high / expenses (wages) low
- people stopped buying – overproduction
main fixes:
1. consolidation of corporate entities into trusts and cartels
2. colonialism – “scramble for africa”
3. arms race
17
Q
cecil rhodes
A
agreed with idea of “white man’s burden” believed that everywhere should be ruled by anglo-saxons
18
Q
esper ukhtomskii
A
- prince
- russia’s imperial destiny - russian govt = best, better than rest of europe, god given, humble
- zhar under God
- other democracies = hypocritical
19
Q
1893 world’s fair
A
chicago - US repping themselves
living museum of humanity - highlighted racism of the time as people of color were closer to the primitive animals rather than the whites. tried to show that the whites were more civilized
crowd was white
20
Q
the fitter families display
A
said some are born a natural burden to others
forced sterilization
american eugenics society committee ran fitter families
ugly laws - disabled can’t go in public
21
Q
yamagata aritomo
A
- race war is coming - europe - wants to colonize asia
- wants japan + china to team up
- japan most advanced – responsibility to colonize asia before europeans
22
Q
six bells mine
A
- mine in wales
- 260k workers
- coal from mines used on titanic and cities
- coal used for lighting, heating, power
- poor working conditions + dangerous
- lots of people needed for production – strike led to shutdown + lack of energy source
23
Q
tonypandy riots
A
1910-11
- “great unrest”
- strike + protest by coal miners in wales
- winston churchill authorized troops to stop riots
- period of many coal riots in europe and US
24
Q
british navy’s switch to oil power rather than coal, 1911
A
1911
- oil requires less man power
- oil only in certain regions - not england – why switch (coal is closer)
25
significance of oil in relation to WWI
26
anthropocene
era of humans - we are the biggest impact on the earth
27
archduke ferdinand
his assassination is known as the trigger
serbian ethnic nationalists wanted to kill him because he was a moderate negotiating to allow a lot of the serbian demands to be met (they wanted people to keep fighting and not give in to the austro-hungarian empire)
28
the black hand
the secret militant organization in serbia involved in assassination of archduke ferdinand
29
austro-hungarian empire
30
ottoman empire
31
lawrence of arabia
Lawrence, a British officer fluent in arabic, stir up chaos in middle east -- arabs vs ottomans
goal of many european countries to dismantle ottoman empire bc it is huge global power and source of oil
32
sharif hussein
leader of arab revolts + helped take down ottoman empire
33
the arab revolt
revolt against the ottoman empire so they could become an independent arab state (britain gave them support to weaken the ottomans)
34
sykes-picot agreement (1916)
secret agreement between great britain and france to divide land of ottoman empire between themselves when war ends which contradicted their promise to the arabs
35
balfour declaration (1917)
says britain will support the formation of a jewish homeland (israel) in palestine as long as the rights of the people who live there aren't compromised
36
"churchill's sneeze"
the huge zigzag in Jordan's eastern border with Saudi Arabia (was intended to destroy any forms of self-government established)
37
1918 influenza pandemic
killed 500M - 3x WWI
unprecedented amount of people were being moved around the world because britain and france were bringing their colonies to fight
impacted healthy young people
38
treaty of versailles
beginning of the league of nations by recommendation of woodrow wilson (america never joined)
declared self-deterination
39
carl jung and sigmund freud
carl jung learned from freud who focused on unconscious personal/individual unconscious built on repressed memories
jung focused on dreams and collective unconscious
40
the collective unconscious
universal memories, symbols, and experiences called archetypes
41
irony
feature of modernization
appears 1 way officially and different in reality
irony --- surrealism
42
surrealism
life is not rational or reasonable
the system's images of reality are false
ideals are betrayal
43
dadaism
intellectual movement that rejected modern capitalist society and used nonsense and protest in art in reaction to WWI
ex - "fountain" by marcel duchamp
44
vladimir ilich lenin
- wants a period of dictatorship of proletariat
- no real democracy - only for rich
- builds on ideals of marx to create soviet union for social equality
- soviet = "council" of workers, soldiers, peasants
45
dictatorship of the proletariat
conditions in which working class holds control over the state power
46
the romanov dynasty
The royal family that ruled Russia for over 300 years until they were overthrown during the Russian Revolution
47
international women's day -- february 23 1917
sparked overturn of the system (revolution) because others started to protest their rights
48
leon trotsky
one of the original architects of revolution; was exiled by stalin
49
joseph stalin
became dictator
created own rational plan to overhaul economy through dictatorship and top-down
led to forced collectivization + industrialization -- soviet famine 1930-33
50
bolshevism
the system cannot be reformed, needs to be destroyed and replaced
called the mensheviks corrupt and took over
in favor of soviet union
51
menshevism
believe in socialist ideas but think you should work within the system to gradually reform it (nonviolent/anti revolution)
52
bourgeoisie
the people who benefit from capitalism (upper class)
53
october revolution
when the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and took power, leading to the creation of the world’s first communist state
54
forced collectivization and industrialization
from joseph stalin and led to soviet famine 1930-33
55
soviet famine 1930-1933
6-9 million people died caused by stalin's methods of forced collectivization
56
fascism
never based on rationalism or program
system of government marked by centralization of authority; violent suppression of opposition
57
benito mussolini
fascist in italy; WWI veteran who came back with criticism of social order
started as a socialist but increasingly became obsessed with the comradeship of his fellow soldiers and believe only someone who has served would know how to lead
58
adolf hitler
fascist in germany; nazi party leader which was originally weak/losing election
used the reichstag fire to suspend the constitution
1938- unilaterally annexed austria
1939 - kristallnacht
59
the ku klux klan
second wave of the klan used robes and cross burning come from the birth of a nation
up to 8 million members in 1915
60
d.w. griffith's the birth of a nation
film about celebrating a new nation (an all-white nation) brought from a secret society who saves the south
was hugely popular at the time (shown at the white house) spurred on the KKK
61
the women's suffrage movement and 19th amendment (1920)
62
emily davidson (d. 1913)
militant feminism (threw bombs, started fires, went to jail) who had major impact after her death
wanted to push the truth about living in a democracy that doesn't give voice to women
63
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
british troops shot into crowds on protesters killed over 1000 with no media coverage
64
Mohandas K. Gandhi
leader who used satyagraha (non-violent protests)
65
The Salt March (1930)
protest against salt tax, 240 mi to coast for salt, beaten
got global coverage
led by ghandi
66
Independence and partition of India (1947)
Broken into Pakistan and India by Britain
not wanted by civilians, fighting on day of independence over creation of boarder
67
Partition of Palestine/Israel (1948)
Formerly British controlled
they were promised they would be part of the democratic process
plan d/nakba “catastrophe” - forced evacuation of Palestinians
68
Frantz Fanon
he is a psychiatrist working in Algeria. wrote stories about meeting patients specifically police officer saying he can’t sleep and goes into uncontrollable rage and franz says it’s from his job of interrogating people
joined algerian liberation movement
69
nelson mandela
spent 28 years in a colony island off South Africa
held idea that it should be 1 person 1 vote. no apartheid and there should be reconciliation between people of all races
first president in non-apartheid in south africa
70
containment doctrine
US wants to contain communism from spreading to other countries
also need to contain spread within US
71
red scare
fear of anyone who is or could be communist
72
non-aligned movement
involved countries like egypt and indonesia who were newly free after being colonies. they abstained from choosing a side between america and soviet union
73
bandung Afro-Asian Conference (1955)
meant for new colonies to be able to form their own group of nations to not be apart of the Cold War
global powers didn't like the charter (saw it as threat)
74
apartheid
policy founded on the idea of separating people based on racial/ethnic criteria. used in south africa for a long time
75
Indonesia 1965
had effective democratic party that was impoverished by colonialism which identified as communist party of indonesia but were completely nonviolent but Sukarno’s (who held bandung conference) successor Suharto rounded up over a million people who were even suspected of being communist. given this list of people by america
76
operation ajax: iran 1953
prime minister mossadegh nationalized oil industry and said the profit from iran should go back to iran. United States funded coup to overthrow him and reinstate the previous leader’s son so they would become an American ally and was highly against communism
led to iranian revolution+hostage crisis
77
truman doctrine
U.S. policy promising to help countries resist communism through military and economic aid
marked the start of America's Cold War strategy to stop the spread of Soviet
78
domino theory
if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would quickly follow, like a row of falling dominoe
used to justify U.S. involvement
79
korean war
no real success for either side
external conflict
killed civilians
"typical war" - tanks+guns on both sides
80
algerian war of independence (1954-62)
algeria annexed by france for french people to live in "french algeria"
81
"third world"
underdeveloped post/soon to be post independence (former colonies)
82
john maynard keynes
advocated for government intervention in the economy to manage demand, reduce unemployment, and smooth out business cycles, especially during recessions
83
developmentalism
economic nationalism, what new deal is based on (3Rs)
84
new deal
Roosevelt, 3Rs - relief, recovery, reform to help development of country
85
marshall plan
after WWII investment in restoring europe and japan
keep countries 1st world (internal)
86
Suez Crisis and war (1956)
egyptian leader jamal abde nasser
- wants to build aswan damn and nationalize suez canal
in repsonse US, GB, france, and israel attack
87
the great leap forward
1958-62
forced people onto agriculture communes, stripped property
focus on industrialization and agriculture
88
four pest campaign
mosquitos, flies, rats, sparrows threatened agriculture extermination of sparrows
led to locust plague -- famine
89
cultural revolution
1966-76
Moa? blames internal enemies (socialist/capitalist), attacked schools/universities, property owners
sent to reeducation camps (detention)
similar to mccarthy era/communist party
90
indonesian coup and massacre
- "greatest prize in southeast asia" - nixon
- socialist government
- intervention
- CIA list of indonesians who were communist (given to suharta)
- death squads killed IM (similar to china)
91
vietnam war
- counterinsurgency
- ARPANET
92
ARPANET
- birth of internet
- used to target humans in vietnam + collect info on civilians
- also used in US like NORAD
93
chilean coup, 1973
- allende socialist development -- copper production (US want/need)
- pinochet took over
- people start disappearing - ford cars -- 30k, pushed from helicopters, detention camps
94
cambodian genocide
- US bombing cambodian countryside
- another cultural revolution
- people disappear (again)
95
ronald reagan
1980
- air traffic control strike - fired 11K
- end of organized labor movement
96
george HW bush
97
soviet invasion of afghanistan
mujahideen - afghan resistance against soviets (became taliban)
98
iranian revolution
shifting Iran from a monarchy to a theocratic state
99
hostage crisis
52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days after Iranian revolutionaries seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, damaging U.S.–Iran relations and weakening President Carter’s popularity
100
Ayatollah Khomaini
Islamic religious leader who led the 1979 Iranian Revolution, overthrew the Shah, and became the Supreme Leader of Iran
101
wahhabism
puritans recruited to go fight against osama bin ladin, got training from CIA, becomes Al Qaeda
102
saddam hussein
takes over Iraq and invades Iran in 1979
103
mikhal gorbachev
soviet leader, wanted limited free market coexisting with social safety net
104
end of the soviet union
105
gulf war I
1991
george hw bush doesn't want conflict
106
milton friedman
grand guru of the movement for unfettered capitalism and the man credited with writing the rulebook for the contemporary global economy
107
boris yeltsin
president of russia (in USSR), forceful end of USSR, "founding father" of free democratic russia --- asked and received permission from parliament to rule by decree for year 1
2 options - share wealth/econ with public (what parliament wanted) or divide among business interests and party elites
108
chechen wars
Two brutal conflicts between Russia and separatist fighters in Chechnya following the Soviet Union’s collapse. The first war ended with Chechen de facto independence; the second, launched by Putin, reasserted Russian control through military force and a pro-Moscow regime, marked by human rights abuses and counterinsurgency.
109
vladamir putin
associate of yeltsin, "given" presidency, product of KGB
110
gulf war II
iraq after 9/11 - weapons of mass destruction just marketing
led to privatization of military/contractors in Iraq
111
shock and awe
if you give people too many things to worry about and respond to, they get overwhelmed and don't have any way to effectively respond to it
strategy for war in iraq, completely overwhelm
112
hurricane katrina
natural disaster
klein's view: allowed for legislation to pass that otherwise wouldn't have
113
shock doctrine hypothesis
tension between democratic ideals + free market -- 2 different ideas of "freedom"
based on idea of shock+awe
114
privatization of public utilities, education, healthcare, security, information, data, etc.
115
2008 financial crisis
overuse of loans + credit, mortgage lending companies + preditory lending
