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Zoology 242 > Second Deck > Flashcards

Second Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Neurohemal Organs

A

organ consisting of neurosecretory neuronal terminals and the capillary vessels that the nuerosecretory hormones are released into

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2
Q

Neurohemal Organs

A

organ consisting of neurosecretory neuronal terminals and the capillary vessels that the nuerosecretory hormones are released into

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3
Q

Cell chords and Sinusoids

A

endocrine cells in rows (chord)

Blood capillary or sinus spaces are in between rows

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4
Q

Follicles

A

endocrine cells arranged as hollow ball structure
capillaries are usually on the outer surface of follicle
secretion is to the blood capillary on outer surface

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5
Q

Diffused

A

no definite structural concentration of endocrine secretory cells
located in a diffused manner throughout tissue

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6
Q

pheromones

A

intraspecific

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7
Q

allelomones

A

interspecific

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8
Q

allomones

A

benefit releaser, interspecific

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9
Q

kairomones

A

benefit recipient, interspecific

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10
Q

Eicosanoids

A

phospholipid metabolites, usually metabolic products of arachidonic acid (prostaglandin, prostacyclins, thromboxanes)

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11
Q

Terpene derivatives

A

juvenille hormone of invertebrates

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12
Q

DI-Tyr + DI-Tyr

A

T4

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13
Q

MI-Tyr + DI-Tyr

A

T3 or rT3

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14
Q

MI-Tyr + MI-Tyr

A

T2

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15
Q

MI-Tyr + Tyr

A

T1

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16
Q

DI-Tyr + Tyr

A

T2

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17
Q

foregut fermenters

A

cows sheep

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18
Q

midgut fermenters

A

herbivorous fish

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19
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

horses, rabbits, elephants

all have longer cecum

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20
Q

Micelle

A

single layer fatty acids, monoglycerides, glycerol, and bile salts, with hydrophillic heads outside and hydrophobic tails inside.
can easily pass through microvilli membrane

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21
Q

Ghrelin

A 
orexigenic hormone (hunger related)
stomach is major source of ghrelin in blood. can be entrained by regular feeding schedule. can act on brain and locally to stimulate gastric acid release. stimulates pit GH secretion which in turn inhibits ghrelin release
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22
Q

Leptin

A

anorexigenic hormone - produced from adipocytes, reduces hunger and increases satiation. can be released by stomach into blood after feeding. can also act locally to decrease stomach acid secretion after feeding.

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23
Q

4 types of pathogens

A

virus
bacteria
fungus
parasite (water borne usually)

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24
Q

2 Branches of the immune system

A

Innate

Adaptive

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25
Q

Glycoprotein example

A

LH and FSH (both alpha and beta subunits)

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26
Q

Short peptide example

A

ACTH

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27
Q

Complex peptide example

A

Insulin

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28
Q

Modified amino acid example

A

Thyroid hormones

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29
Q

Steroid example

A

Testosterone, cortisone

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30
Q

Catchecholamines are

A

Modified amino acids
Example
Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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31
Q

Cytogenous

A

Whole cell released (sperm)

32
Q

Sweet taste

A

PLC + gustductin

33
Q

Sour taste

A

H+ ionotropic

34
Q

Umami

A

PLC

35
Q

Salty

A

Na+ ionotropic ENaC

36
Q

Bitter

A

PLC

37
Q

Bitter

A

PLC

38
Q

Neural signalling

A

stimulate > neuron > target (pain reflex)

39
Q

Endocrine signalling

A

stimulate > endocrine cell > blood stream > target (PTH for calcium regulation in blood)

40
Q

Cytocrine signalling

A

stimulate > endocrine cell > Extra Cellular Fluid > target (histamine)

41
Q

First order Neuroendocrine signalling

A

Stimulate > neuron > bloodstream > target (oxytocin - mammary glands)

42
Q

Second order Neuroendocrine signalling

A

stimulate > neuron > endocrine cell > bloodstream > target

GnRH - seasonal reproduction

43
Q

Inverse Neuroendocrine signalling

A

stimulate > endocrine cells > bloodstream > cross blood brain barrier > neurons (target)
(gonodal steroids)

44
Q

Example of endocrine controlling endocrine

A

hypothalamus releases TRH to pituitary, which releases TSH to thyroid

45
Q

Example of endocrine controlling exocrine

A

G cell releases gastrin into blood stream, which then acts on chief cell to increase pepsinogen production into stomach

46
Q

Example of exocrine controlling endocrine

A

chief cell releasing pepsinogen into the stomach, which turns to pepsin, which breaks down protein to amino acid that can activate the G cell to produce gastrin into the blood stream

47
Q

Example of endocrine controlling cytocrine

A

G cell producing Gastrin into the blood stream, which goes to the mast cell, which releases histamine

48
Q

cytocrine control of exocrine

A

Histamine released from Mast cell, which goes to pareital cell which releases acid (cytocrine key is that it goes to extracellular fluid)

49
Q

Periosteum

A

membrane that covers bone

50
Q

Compact

A

Hard bone

51
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

formation and differentiation of blood cells (hematopoietic stem cells are constantly renewing throughout your life)

52
Q

Neutrophil granule function

A

directly damages pathogens
vasodillation
inflmattation
regulates proteases

53
Q

Eosinophil granule function

A

induces reactive oxygen species formation
vasodiliation
basophil degranulation
antiviral activity
regulates other immune responses
attracts leukocytes (other white blood cells)

54
Q

Basophil/Mast cell granule function

A

adaptive immune response regulation
smooth muscle activation
vasodiliation
inflammation regulation

55
Q

Dendritic Cell Functions

A

Antigen capture
antigen presentation
important activators of T cells

56
Q

Dendritic Cell Functions

A

Antigen capture
antigen presentation
important activators of T cells

57
Q

C-type lectin receptors
(on phagocytes)
pattern recognition receptor type

A 
mannans (bacteria, fungi, parasites)
Beta glucans (fungi, some bacteria)
58
Q 
Scavenger receptors (on phagocytes)
Pattern recognition receptor type
A 
lipopolysaccharide
lipoteichoic acid (bacteria)
59
Q

Pattern recognition receptor types

A

C-type lectin receptors
Scavenger receptors
they directly facilitate the process

60
Q

Opsonin receptor types

A

collagen-domain receptor
complement receptor
imminuglobulin Fc Receptors (IgE) and (IgM) and (IgA)
Recognize host molecules that stick

61
Q

Complement system 3 pathways to activate

A

Classical
MB-Lectin
Alternative

62
Q

Complement system Alternative pathway activation

A

pathogen surfaces goes through derived factors to C3 convertase

63
Q

Complement system Classical pathway activation

A

antigen:antibody complexes (antibody surface) through derived factors goes to C3 convertase

64
Q

Complement system MB-Lectin pathway activation

A

mannose binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surfaces through derived factors goes to C3 convertase

65
Q

3 actions of the complement system

A

Chemoattraction (C3a, C5a)
Opsonization (C3b)
Pathogen Lysis

66
Q

Oxygen dependent killing

A

Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (ROI)
Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates (RNI)
monochloramine

67
Q

Oxygen Independent Killing

A

Defensins
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (macrophage only)
Lysozyme
Hydrolytic enzymes

68
Q

Neuromasts

A

on insects, detect water movement from other animals. on legs

69
Q

cytocrine control of exocrine

paracrine

A

Histamine released from Mast cell, which goes to pareital cell which releases acid (cytocrine key is that it goes to extracellular fluid)

70
Q

Chemical factors of innate immunity

A

fatty acids in sweat
enzymes in tears, saliva, mucus
low pH of sweat and gastric secretions
Defensins (antimicrobial proteins)

71
Q

Physical factors of innate immunity

A 
Skin
movement (cilia, persistalis)
Flushing (tears, saliva)
Mucus
Cough and sneeze reflexes
Vomiting and diarrhea
72
Q

Antibody functions

A

neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
complement activation

73
Q

neutralization

A

masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins:viruses (ferments the cell from binding to the surface off the cell)

74
Q

Agglutination

A

cell bound antigens enhance phagocytosis

75
Q

Precipitation

A

soluble antigens ferment the bad cell from binding to the surface of the cell

76
Q

exogenous antigens players

A 
professional APC
exogenous antigen
MHC class 2
Helper T cells
TCR (specialized receptor)
CD4+
77
Q

endogenous antigens players

A 
Infected host or altered host cell
endogenous antigen
MHC class 1
cytotoxic T cells
TCR (specialized receptor)
CD8+

Zoology 242 (2 decks)

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