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Cold War > Second cold war > Flashcards

Second cold war Flashcards

1
Q

What were Khrushchev’s basic aims /foreign policy points (3)

A

Prestige
Nuclear diplomacy
Empire by invitation

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2
Q

Explain why Khrushchev wanted to improve living standards and supported destalinisation?

A

he wanted to create a supportive Eastern bloc who accepted Soviet dominance

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3
Q

actions suggesting destalinisation?

A

Secret speech
Gomulk & Kadar returned to public life
K dissolved his secret police network -had spies in Eastern Europe
improved relations bw USSR & Yugoslavia

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4
Q

What was the secret speech?
what were the implications?
what happened to it?

A

Speech made by K talking about ‘different roads to socialism.
Suggested possible autonomy in the countries
The speech was leaked by the US & broadcast it to Eastern Europe - led to political unrest

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5
Q

How did K want to impact soviet prestige?

A

improve Soviet global position allowing him to negotiate equally with the US (mainly via arms/space race)

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6
Q

What was nuclear diplomacy?

A

Tactic used by K in which he threatened to use nuclear weapons in order to force concessions

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7
Q

What was the year of crisis

key points?

A

A year which saw the USSR challenged with political unrest - largely due to destalinisation

Polish uprising
Hungarian revolt
Suez crisis

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8
Q

What was the cause of the Polish uprising? basic points

A

destlainsation
Protests in Poznan
Gomulka was released from prison

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9
Q

explain in detail what happened in the polish uprising

A

Protests in Poznan were put down leading to bitterness
- the communist party then re-elected the popular Gomulka to win back favour. The USSR was nervous about Gomulka being independent so sent a delegation - K & G meet; G promises loyalty & the troops disperse

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10
Q

what were the consequences of the polish crisis?

A

loss of polish hope of autonomy

the Hungarian revolt

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11
Q

What was the cause of the Hungarian uprising? basic points

A

more liberal leader Gero
Polish rebellion
Imre Nagy
encouragement from Tito

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12
Q

explain in detail what happened in the hungarian uprising?

A

Protests in Budapest in support of the Polish uprising turn violent - attack local radio station & demand Nagy be instated - he is.
Nagy threatens to withdraw from Warsaw oact - troops sent to Hungary & fighting breaks out bw rebels (encouraged by radio free europe)
Whilst the other countries are distracted by the Suez crisis at this point - USSR crush the protest

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13
Q

What is the warsaw pact?

A

signed by Eastern European states & USSR commiting them to assist if any are attacked

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14
Q

What are the consequences of the Hungarian uprising?

A

Eastern European hope for autonomy gone
Mistrust for US (implied they wd help rebels but don’t)
Confirms Soviet authority

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15
Q

Explain the Suez canal crisis?

A

(Egyptian) Nasser nationalises the suez canal. UK, France & Israel use this as an excuse to try overthrow him (Anglo-French company owns it).
US seen this as imperialistic so put pressure on UK to stop by cancelling a loan to them.
At the same time K threatens nuclear action if the UK/France/Israel don’t stop.
The countries withdraw bc of US pressure but it looks like it was USSR success

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16
Q

Consequences of the Suez canal crisis?

A

Soviet prestige - ‘defeated imperialists’

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17
Q

Causes of the Berlin Crisis?

A

mass migration from GDR (1/6 of population - threatens collapse of GDR
Khrushchev overconfidence with nuclear

18
Q

What happened in the Berlin Crisis?

A

K issues 6 month ultimatum - threatens to recongise GDR sovereignty - forcing the West to recognise it also.
West reject ultimatum but agree to talks in Geneva - nothing decided; new talks in Paris ended early after spy plane shot down over USSR.
Kennedy implies that there would be no consequences if GDR borders closed.
Mass migration in 1961 leads K to build border

19
Q

What was K’s initial ultimatum in the Berlin Crisis?

A

withdrawal of Western troops from Berlin

Berlin to be free city

20
Q

How many people migrated to the FRG in 1961?

A

103, 000

21
Q

what was the importance of shooting down of the U2 spy plane over the USSR

A

It ended the Paris discussions to create a nuclear free zone in entral Europe - existence of spy planes meant USA knew USSR nuclear threats were bluffs

22
Q

what were the long term consequences of the Berlin crisis?

A

stability; end to migration, GDR stability - new economic system
ends re-unification hope

23
Q

what were the short term consequences of the Berlin crisis?

A

solves open frontier but not tension…
causes tension - checkpoint charlie standoff, nuclear tests (Cuba)
divide in NATO - France saw US as sacrificing FDR - fear of same happening

24
Q

what caused the space /arms race?

A

response to growing hostility bw east & west - weapon superiority was necessary to safeguard interests / ensure defense

25
Q

Eisenhower’s strategy for nuclear weapons

A

avoid traditional war - use nuclear ‘more bang for buck’

26
Q

American successes in arms race?

failures?

A

+first H-bomb
first long range B51 bombers
Polaris submarine

  • Castle bravo - misjudge nuclear testing; lots of nuclear fallout which was spread by wind & fell on Japanese shipping boat
27
Q

USSR successes in arms race?

failures?

A

First ICBM

28
Q

who ‘won’ the arms race?

A

America

29
Q

American successes in space race?

failures?

A
  • Apollo one & Vanguard filures
30
Q

USSR successes in space race?

failures?

A

+ Sputnik, first animal in space (Laika) first human in space (Gagarin)

31
Q

short term impact of space/arms race?

A

instability - brinkmanship - overconfidence

32
Q

long term impact of space/arms race?

A

instability - paranoia & insecurity lead to flashpoints

‘security’ - fear of MAD stops anything too serious happening

33
Q

Cuban missile crisis causes?

A

Castro takes power in Cuba (Friendly w USSR)

Bay of pigs fiasco

34
Q

What was the bay of pigs fiasco?

A

Kennedy plans to land Cuban exiles in bay of pigs starting an uprising - Castro anticipates this & the whole thing collapses.

35
Q

Why were missiles placed in cuba?

A

To address the strategic misbalance - US had missiles in Turkey (near USSR) but USSR didn’t have ones near US
To protect Cuba & prevent another bay of pigs incident

36
Q

How did the US discover the missiles & what happened?

A

A U2 spy plan discovered it
US send ultimatum to USSR demanding withdrawal & set up quarantine zone checking ships going to Cuba.
Kennedy announces on TV the discovery of nuclear weapons & threatens immediate all out retaliation if any missiles were to be fired

37
Q

How did the crisis calm down?

A

Soviets agreed to withdraw the missiles as long as US promise not in invade Cuba & also remove Turkish missiles (last point kept secret from public)

38
Q

What was the consequences of the cuban missile crisis?

A

Hotline to prevent future crises,
reveals real US missile superiority,
Kennedy gets prestige ‘calls Soviet bluff’,
Khrushchev criticized by Mao & Castro,
Cuba go independent from USSR

39
Q

Khrushchev;s successes?

A

Prestige; Space Race, Suez victory,

GDR migration problem resolved peacefully.

40
Q

Khrushchev;s failures?

A

Destalinisation limited,
no ‘Empire by invitation’ but by force still (proved by year of crisis)
reckless failed threats (Berlin, Cuba).

41
Q

short term consequences of Khrushchev’s leadership?

A

Short-term increased tensions; Eastern Europe, Berlin and Cuba.

Prestige

42
Q

long term consequences of Khrushchev’s leadership?

A

Stability; Eastern Europe control, German issue solved, move towards détente after Cuba scare.

His removal - proved unpredictable

Economic issues; overspend on arms/sspace race

Creation of divisions in West over US response (France & FRG).

Cold War (10 decks)

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