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Aquaculture > Seaweed Cultivation > Flashcards

Seaweed Cultivation Flashcards

1
Q

Give some uses of seaweed?

A

Food, Hydrocolloid production (agar)
Costmetics, fish/animal feed, fertilisation
Biomass for fuel, waste water management

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2
Q

What types f seaweed are cultivated?

A 
eucheumoid algae
kappaphycus alvarezzi
eucheuma spp.
Elkhorn smeamass and Gigatinates
Japanese sugar kelp
Wake
p.yezonesis,
p, tenera,
p.haitanesis
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3
Q

Explain the Lifecycle Kappaphycus, Eucheuma, Graciliaria

A
  1. Gametophyte
  2. Carposporophyte
  3. Tetrasporophyte (undergoes fragmentation)
  4. Tetraspores
  5. Produce Gametophyte
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4
Q

How are seeds cultivated in the species pyropia? Especially seed supply.

A
  1. Superior blades are selected from carbospores
  2. Carpospores form vegetative propogation to form vegetative fragments
  3. Carpospores + vegetative fragments form mass cultures of conchocelius
  4. Mass culture triggers growth, formation and maturation of sporangia, and induction of concehospore release
  5. Conchospores go through indoor and outdoor seeding
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5
Q

When are seeds cultivated (seed supply stage) in the species pyropia?

A

March - Oct

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6
Q

What happens in indoor seeding of pyropia spp?

A

Shells placed in tanks
nets are on reels rotating in tank
less than 1 hour

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7
Q

What happens in outdoor seeding of pyropia spp?

A

Shells places on seeding tarps with nets layered over shells

1 - 2 days

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8
Q

How are seeds cultivated in the species pyropia? Especially seabed culture.

A
  1. Seeded nets are placed on poles or fixed cultures
  2. Poles - nets hang from holes and height is adjusted for best drying regime
  3. Floating cultivation - Nets placed in nursery frames; drying regime to control disease and weeds
  4. Both cultures have nets with 2 - 3 cm long plants
  5. These plants are frozen then/or fixed on a pole/floating culture method is used to grow to harvest size
  6. Then harvested or frozen/held in a tank or processed
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9
Q

When are seeds cultivated (seabed cultivation stage) in the species pyropia?

A

Oct - April

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10
Q

What are the 2 indoor cultivation techniques used in kelp?

A
  1. Direct Seeding

2. Vegetative propagation of gemetophytes

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11
Q

Describe the method of direct seeding in the indoor cultivation of kelp

A
  1. Fertile algae –> preparation of sporogenic tissue
  2. Sporogenic tissue releases spores
  3. Released spores are innoculated
  4. Cultivation of juvenile sporophytes
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12
Q

Describe the method of ‘Vegetative propagation of gametophytes’ in the indoor cultivation of kelp

A
  1. Sporogenic tissue releases spores
  2. Gametophyte isolated clones
  3. Spraying of gametophytes and developing sporophytes
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13
Q

In kelp cultivation, when does seabed cultivation occur?

A

Saccharina are harvested May - June

Undaria are harvested March

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14
Q

In kelp cultivation, how does seabed cultivation occur?

A

Manual work - vertically grown seaweeds are called droppers

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15
Q

In Eucheumoid Cultivation, What 2 Techniques are used?

A
  1. Fixed-off-bottom moonlike method

2. Long-line floating method

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16
Q

In Eucheumoid Cultivation, Describe the long-line floating method

A
  • Can be tropical or sub-tropical
  • vegetative propagation
  • Seed stack sourced from cropping (wild) and multiplied in nurserys
  • Cutting tied to monotones at 30cm intervals
  • Harvested at approximately 1-kilo manually
17
Q

What are the 4 methods used I the cultivation of Gracilaria?

A
  1. Pond Farming
  2. Rope Farming
  3. Bottom Stocking
  4. Tank Cultivation
18
Q

Describe ‘pond farming’ when regarding gracilaria?

A
  • Seed Stock sourced from the wild from crops in other ponds or in nursery rearing cuttings
19
Q

How long until you can harvest gracilaria from pond farming?

A

30-45 days anytime of year

20
Q

Describe ‘rope farming’ when regarding gracilaria?

A
  1. Vegetative material is tied/inserted to ropes
    OR
  2. Spore settlement onto ropes
21
Q

Describe ‘Bottom Stocking’ when regarding gracilaria?

A
  • Transfer of rocks bearing Thali
  • Tie Thali to Rocks
  • Seaweed is forced into the sediment
22
Q

Give 3 diseases/threats that eucheumoids encounter

A
  1. Grazing by herbivores
  2. Epiphytes produced by benthic algae
  3. Ice-Ice by micro-organism
23
Q

What does Ice-Ice (from bacteria and fungi) do to eucheumoids?

A
  • Causes slow growth, pale thali, loss of shiny branch surface, presence of epiphytes,
  • occurs in summer ad calm weather
24
Q

How can Ice-Ice be prevented?

A

Transfer eucheumoids to cold water and good current movement

25
Q

How can grazing on eucheumoids be prevented?

A

Use floating method in deep water

26
Q

How can the effects of epiphytes on eucheumoids be prevented?

A
  • submerging 1m below the surface

- good current flow

27
Q

How and what are epiphytes produced by?

A

Produces by benthic algae

produce in summer blooms

28
Q

Give a few examples of diseases and threats to pyropia?

A
  • Chytridosis, red rot disease, filamentous disease

- Atrophy, green rot disease, discolouration disease

29
Q

Describe what Chytridosis does to pyropia and how it can be prevented.

A

Cytridosis is produced by a fungus and causes mould and reduced production of pyropia
It can be prevented by decreased density of cultures

30
Q

Give a few examples of diseases and threats to saccharia?

A
  • Twisted frond disease, Malformation disease

- Blister Disease, White/green Rot disease

31
Q

What is the seaweed abalone cultivation?

A

An integrated cultivation with Ulva and Gracilaria

It is a large part of gracilaria biomass for china

32
Q

What does IMTA stand for?

A

Integrated multitrophic Aquaculture (cultivation system)

33
Q

What are the positive impacts of seaweed cultivation?

A
  • Uptake of excess nutrients
  • No catch area for fish
  • New habitats and biodiversity
34
Q

What are the negative impacts of seaweed cultivation?

A
  • Nutrient depletion/changes in seascape
  • Structure only temporal
  • Increased O2 consumption at the bottom (no light for photosynthesis)
35
Q

What are the expected impacts of seaweed cultivation?

A
  • new habitats and changes to water column
  • changes to local hydrodynamics
  • changes in sedimentation patterns
  • benthic impacts from increase organic matter supply and shading of seafloor
36
Q

What qualities constitutes sustainable cultivation of seaweeds?

A
  • no fertiliser/pesticides/consumption of FW
  • Effective CO2 capture
  • Nutrient Stripping of eutrophicate coastal waters
  • High productivity compared to land plants
  • Enourmour available surface for cultivation

Aquaculture (3 decks)

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