seawater Flashcards
What bond is between two hydrogen and one oxygen atom?
covalent bonds
covalent bonds
bond between two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms in water molecule
What polarization is water?
dipolar
What kind of molecule is water?
polar molecule
attraction of positive and negative ends of water molecules to each other or other ions
hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds are (greater/weaker) than covalent bonds
weaker
What gives water its unique properties?
hydrogen bons
What does hydrogen bonding result in?
- high water surface tension because of cohesion
- capillary action because of adhesion
- excellent solvent
- unusual thermal properties of water
- unusual density of water
cohesion results in…
high water surface tension
adhesion results in…
capillary action
water is an excellent solvent because…
polar substances will dissolve other polar substances and ionic substances
calorie
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C
calorie
temperature
a measurement of average kinetic energy
a measurement of average kinetic energy
temperature
freezing point
0°C (32°F)
melting point
0°C (32°F)
boiling point
100°C (212°F)
condensation point
100°C (212°F)
heat capacity
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1°C
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1°C
heat capacity
water has a __ heat capacity
high
high heat capacity causes…
can take in or lose much heat without changing temperature
high heat capacity is caused by…
hydrogen bonds
specific heat
heat capacity per unit mass
heat capacity per unit mass
specific heat
equatorial oceans (do/do not) boil
do not
play oceans (do/do not) freeze solid
do not
marine effect
oceans moderate temperature changes from day to night and during different seasons
oceans moderate temperature changes from day to night and during different seasons
marine effect
continental effect
land areas have greater range of temperatures from day to night and during different seasons
land areas have greater range of temperatures from day to night and during different seasons
continental effect
density of water (increases/decreases) as temperature (increases/decreases)
increases, decreases
Is ice less or more dense than water?
less
Does most seawater freeze?
no
What is the salinity of the ocean?
33-38%
high latitude salinity
- low salinity
- abundant sea ice melting, precipitation, and runoff
low latitudes near equator salinity
- low salinity
- high precipitation and runoff
mid latitudes salinity
- high salinity
- warm, dry, descending air increases evaporation
density (increases/decreases) with decreasing temperature
increase
density (increases/decreases) with increasing salinity
increases
density (increases/decreases) with increasing pressure
increases
salinity (increases/decreases) with depth at low latitudes
decreases
salinity (increases/decreases) with depth at high latitudes
increases
halocline
separates ocean layers of different salinity
separates ocean layers of different salinity
halocline
pycnocline
abrupt change of density with depth
abrupt change of density with depth
pycnocline
thermocline
abrupt change of temperature with depth
abrupt change of temperature with depth
thermocline
above thermocline
mixed surface layer
thermocline and pycnocline
upper water
below thermocline to ocean floor
deep water
destillation
- most common process
- water boiled and condensed
- solar distillation in arid climates
electrolysis
- electrode-containing freshwater
- membrane between fresh and salt water tanks
reverse osmosis
salt water forced through membrane into fresh water
freeze separation
water frozen and thawed multiple times
