Seafood Hygiene and Food Preservation Flashcards
Seafood Definition
fresh or salt water finish, crustaceans aquatic animals life, and all mollusks intended for animal consumption
who makes Seafood regulations
FDA officially makes regulations
HACCP is required for all USA seafood plants
NOAA handles voluntary seafood inspections programs (VSIP)
Problems with seafood
- Deterioation
perishible, autolytic and bacetrial spoilage, rancidity - Health risks
Seafood bacteria
Vibriosis
(vibrio vulnificus + parahaemolytics)
others: for fish and shellfish
Clostridium botulinum and C. perfringens
Salmonella spp
Vibrio cholerae
Seafood viruses of shellfish
Hepatitis A and Norovirus
Vibrio vulnificus + parahaemolyticus
Gram - (related to V. cholerae)
Halophilic
require salt, live in warm seawater
Vibrio vulnificus + parahaemolyticus
reservoir, transmission, coin signs, prevention
environment coastal waters
Vehicle: raw, uncooked seafood/ oysters
Direct: wound infections from contaminated water
IP = 4- 96 hrs , duration 2.5 days
V/D, fever, cramping
Disease by infection (more common in summer)
Prevention by targeting
the vehicle : handling and storage
the reservoir
Seafood parasites
tapeworm: Diphyllobrothium latum
nematodes:
Anisakis spp
Gnathostoma spinigerum:
Capillaria philippinensis
trematodes:
liver flukes: opisthorchis and Clonorchis spp
lung flukes : Paragonimus 30 spp
intestinal flukes: many
Diphyllobrothium latum intermediates hosts
Many fish: trout, perch, salmon, pike
Larvae in muscle of fish
Diphyllobrothium latum definitive hosts
humans, canids, felids, mustelids, bears
Diphyllobrothium latum
reservoir, transmission, coin signs, prevention
intermediate: fresh water and anadromous fish
definitive : mammals and humans
vehicle: raw infected intermediate hosts
(ceviche, sushi, pickled herring)
Prevent by target the vehicle (cook/ freeze
blast freeze
-35 C for 15 hrs or -20 C for 7 days
Anisakis spp
reservoir, transmission, coin signs, prevention
intermediate: crustaceans, fish, squid
definitive: marine mammals, humans
vehicle: raw infected fish
tingling throat, cough/pull out worm
invade stomach wall
abdominal pain. V/D, crohn’s, stomach cancer
usually 1 worm / person
prevention same as D. datum
Fish- borne Trematodes source
freshwater fish
mollusks
crabs
Fish Liver flukes
Opisthorchis spp
Clonorchis spp
Trematodes in fish
2 intermediate hosts
snails/ mollusks are first intermediate
fresh water fish consume first intermediate
(encysts in muscle)
definitive hosts
humans and mammals
Opisthorchis spp and Clonorchis spp
reservoir, transmission, coin signs, prevention
inter: invertebrates and fish
def: humans, dogs, cats, rats pigs
vehicle raw undercooked infected freshwater fish
clin signs: liver damage (cirrhosis , +/- carcinoma)
Prevention:
target reservoirs by treatment of infected hosts
target vehicles
Paragonimus (30 spp)
reservoir, transmission, coin signs, prevention
intermediate: snail –> crab / crayfish
def: human, pig, cats dogs
vehicle: raw undercooked fresh water crab/crayfish
cough +/- blood, chest pain, fever, +/- meningitis
Prevention
target reservoir
target vehicle
3 genera of intestinal flukes
Metagonimus
Heterophydae
Echinostomatidae
Natural Marine Fish toxins
Scombrotoxin
tetrodotoxin
Ciguatera
Scombrotoxin
histamine fish poisoning
tetrodotoxin
Pufferfish poisoning
vasopressor and neurotoxin
muscle paralysis with full consciousness
Aquaculture pufferfish are poison free
Ciguatera toxins affect who
people and cats
Ciguatera toxins vehicle
tropical reef fish
grouper, red snapper, barracuda …..
Natural Marine shellfish toxins
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
amnesic shellfish poisoning
