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Y2B3 - Reproductive 📘 > SDL 👨‍💻 > Flashcards

SDL 👨‍💻 Flashcards

1
Q

what are The major and earliest changes in the infant?

A
  • Separation from the maternal circulation
  • Transfer from a fluid to a gaseous environment.
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2
Q

what helps inflate the lungs?

A
  • The large, forced gasps of air that occur when the infant cries at the time of delivery
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3
Q

what does The initial inflation of the lungs cause?

A
  • Causes important changes in the circulatory system
  • Expansion of the lungs reduces the resistance to blood flow through the lungs.
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4
Q

what does decrease in the resistance to blood flow through the lungs cause?

A
  • Increased blood flow through the pulmonary arteries.
  • Consequently, more blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries
  • And less blood flows from the right atrium through the foramen ovale to the left atrium
  • In addition, an increased volume of blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
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5
Q

what does the increased volume of blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium cause?

A
  • increases the pressure in the left atrium
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6
Q

what does The increased left atrial pressure and decreased right atrial pressure cause?

A
  • Forces blood against the septum primum, causing the foramen ovale to close
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7
Q

what Completes the separation of the heart into two pumps?

A
  • The increased left atrial pressure and decreased right atrial pressure, resulting from decreased pulmonary resistance, forces blood against the septum primum
  • Causing the foramen ovale to close.
  • This action functionally completes the separation of the heart into two pumps: the right side of the heart and the left side of the heart.
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8
Q

what does The closed foramen ovale become?

A

fossa ovalis

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9
Q

Funxtion of ductus arteriosus

A
  • connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta and allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation
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10
Q

when does ductus arteriosus close?

A
  • closes off within 1 or 2 days after birth
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11
Q

why does ductus arteriosus close?

A
  • because of the sphincter-like constriction of the artery
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12
Q

what stimulates the closure of ductus arteriosus?

A
  • probably stimulated by local changes in blood pressure and blood oxygen content
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13
Q

what is ductus arteriosus replaced with?

A
  • replaced by connective tissue and is known as the ligamentum arteriosum
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14
Q

Blood bypasses the lungs by flowing from the pulmonary trunk through ….. to the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

Blood also bypasses the lungs by flowing from the right to the left atrium through the ……

A

foramen ovale

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16
Q

what type of blood passes through umbilical vein?

A

Oxygen-rich blood

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17
Q

Oxygen-rich blood is returned to the fetus from the placenta by …….

A

umbilical vein

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18
Q

Blood bypasses the liver sinusoids by flowing through …….

A

ductus venosus

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19
Q

Type of blood in umbilical arteries

A

Oxygen-poor

20
Q

Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the fetus to the placenta through …….

A

umbilical arteries

21
Q

what do umbilical arteries change into after birth?

A
  • umbilical ligament
22
Q

what does umbilical vein change into after birth?

A
  • ligamentum teres
  • round ligament of the liver
23
Q

what does duvtus arteriousus change into after birth?

A
  • ligamentum arteriuosum
24
Q

what does foramen ovale change into after birth?

A

fossa ovalis

25
Q

what is patent ductus arteriousus?

A
  • If the ductus arteriosus does not close completely
26
Q

what is PTA considered as? and what does it result in?

A
  • serious birth defect
  • resulting in marked elevation in pulmonary blood pressure
27
Q

How does PTA cause increase in pulmonary pressure?

A
  • Because blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta, through the ductus arteriosus to the pulmonary arteries.
28
Q

what does PTA lead to if not corrected?

A
  • can lead to irreversible degenerative changes in the heart and lungs.
29
Q

How does fetal blood supply pass to the placenta?

A

through umbilical arteries from the internal iliac arteries

30
Q

How does blood return to the fetus?

A
  • through an umbilical vein
31
Q

How does the blood pass through the liver of fetus? and what does it join?

A

via the ductus venosus, which joins the inferior vena cava

32
Q

what causes loss of 5%–10% of total body weigth of neonate after birth?

A
  • sudden separation of the baby from its source of nutrients provided by the maternal circulation.
  • Because of this separation and the shock of birth and new life
33
Q

Level of maturity of Digestive system of neonates

A
  • Although the digestive system of the fetus becomes somewhat functional late in development
  • It is still very immature compared to that of the adult and can digest only a limited number of food types.
34
Q

what happens (Concerning digestive system) late in gestation?

A

Late in gestation, the fetus swallows amniotic fluid from time to time

35
Q

what happens after birth? (Concerning swallowed amniotic fluid)?

A
  • Shortly after birth, this swallowed fluid plus cells sloughed from the mucosal lining, mucus produced by intestinal mucous glands, and bile from the liver pass from the digestive tract as a greenish anal discharge called meconium
36
Q

what is Meconium?

A
  • Swallowed amniotic fluid plus cells sloughed from the mucosal lining, mucus produced by intestinal mucous glands, and bile from the liver
37
Q

pH of stomach of neonates

A
  • The pH of the stomach at birth is nearly neutral because of the presence of swallowed alkaline amniotic fluid.
  • Within the first 8 hours of life, a striking increase in gastric acid secretion occurs, causing the stomach pH to decrease.
  • Maximum acidity is reached at 4–10 days, and the pH gradually increases for the next 10–30 day
38
Q

Level of maturity of neonatal liver

A
  • The neonatal liver is also functionally immature.
  • It lacks adequate amounts of the enzyme required in the production of bilirubin.
  • This enzyme system usually develops within 2 weeks after birth in a healthy neonate
39
Q

what causes physiological jaundice?

A
  • Because this enzyme system (The one reponsible for getting rid of bilirubin) is not fully developed at birth, some full-term babies may temporarily develop jaundice
40
Q

Incidence of jaundice in premature babies

A
  • Jaundice often occurs in premature babies
41
Q

what is The newborn digestive system capable of digesting?

A
  • The newborn digestive system is capable of digesting lactose (milk sugar) from the time of birth.
  • The pancreatic secretions are sufficiently mature for a milk diet
42
Q

When does the digestive system gradually develops the ability to digest more solid foods?

A
  • over the first year or two
43
Q

Precautions during food adminstration to neonates

A
  • New foods should be introduced gradually during the first 2 years.
  • It’s also advised that only one new food be introduced at a time into the infant’s diet so that
44
Q

Why should only one new food be introduced at a time into the infant’s diet?

A
  • so that, if an allergic reaction occurs, the cause is more easily determined.
45
Q

Amylase secretion by the salivary glands and the pancreas in neonates

A
  • Amylase secretion by the salivary glands and the pancreas remains low until after the first year
46
Q

Lactase activity in the small intestine of neonates and adults

A
  • Lactase activity in the small intestine is high at birth but declines during infancy, although the levels still exceed those in adults.
  • Lactase activity is lost in many adults
47
Q

what does ductus venosus become after birth?

A

ligamentum venosum

Y2B3 - Reproductive 📘 (9 decks)

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