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Question 1

what are The major and earliest changes in the infant?

Answer 1

• Separation from the maternal circulation
• Transfer from a fluid to a gaseous environment.

Question 2

what helps inflate the lungs?

Answer 2

• The large, forced gasps of air that occur when the infant cries at the time of delivery

Question 3

what does The initial inflation of the lungs cause?

Answer 3

• Causes important changes in the circulatory system
• Expansion of the lungs reduces the resistance to blood flow through the lungs.

Question 4

what does decrease in the resistance to blood flow through the lungs cause?

Answer 4

• Increased blood flow through the pulmonary arteries.
• Consequently, more blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries
• And less blood flows from the right atrium through the foramen ovale to the left atrium
• In addition, an increased volume of blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

Question 5

what does the increased volume of blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium cause?

Answer 5

• increases the pressure in the left atrium

Question 6

what does The increased left atrial pressure and decreased right atrial pressure cause?

Answer 6

• Forces blood against the septum primum, causing the foramen ovale to close

Question 7

what Completes the separation of the heart into two pumps?

Answer 7

• The increased left atrial pressure and decreased right atrial pressure, resulting from decreased pulmonary resistance, forces blood against the septum primum
• Causing the foramen ovale to close.
• This action functionally completes the separation of the heart into two pumps: the right side of the heart and the left side of the heart.

Question 8

what does The closed foramen ovale become?

Answer 8

fossa ovalis

Question 9

Funxtion of ductus arteriosus

Answer 9

• connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta and allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation

Question 10

when does ductus arteriosus close?

Answer 10

• closes off within 1 or 2 days after birth

Question 11

why does ductus arteriosus close?

Answer 11

• because of the sphincter-like constriction of the artery

Question 12

what stimulates the closure of ductus arteriosus?

Answer 12

• probably stimulated by local changes in blood pressure and blood oxygen content

Question 13

what is ductus arteriosus replaced with?

Answer 13

• replaced by connective tissue and is known as the ligamentum arteriosum

Question 14

Blood bypasses the lungs by flowing from the pulmonary trunk through ….. to the aorta

Answer 14

ductus arteriosus

Question 15

Blood also bypasses the lungs by flowing from the right to the left atrium through the ……

Answer 15

foramen ovale

Question 16

what type of blood passes through umbilical vein?

Answer 16

Oxygen-rich blood

Question 17

Oxygen-rich blood is returned to the fetus from the placenta by …….

Answer 17

umbilical vein

Question 18

Blood bypasses the liver sinusoids by flowing through …….

Answer 18

ductus venosus

Question 19

Type of blood in umbilical arteries

Answer 19

Oxygen-poor

Question 20

Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the fetus to the placenta through …….

Answer 20

umbilical arteries

Question 21

what do umbilical arteries change into after birth?

Answer 21

• umbilical ligament

Question 22

what does umbilical vein change into after birth?

Answer 22

• ligamentum teres
• round ligament of the liver

Question 23

what does duvtus arteriousus change into after birth?

Answer 23

• ligamentum arteriuosum

Question 24

what does foramen ovale change into after birth?

Answer 24

fossa ovalis

Question 25

what is patent ductus arteriousus?

Answer 25

- If the ductus arteriosus does not close completely

Question 26

what is **PTA** considered as? and what does it result in?

Answer 26

- serious birth defect - resulting in marked elevation in pulmonary blood pressure

Question 27

How does **PTA** cause increase in pulmonary pressure?

Answer 27

- Because blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta, through the ductus arteriosus to the pulmonary arteries.

Question 28

what does **PTA** lead to if not corrected?

Answer 28

- can lead to irreversible degenerative changes in the heart and lungs.

Question 29

How does fetal blood supply pass to the placenta?

Answer 29

through umbilical arteries from the internal iliac arteries

Question 30

How does blood return to the fetus?

Answer 30

- through an umbilical vein

Question 31

How does the blood pass through the liver of fetus? and what does it join?

Answer 31

via the ductus venosus, which joins the inferior vena cava

Question 32

what causes loss of 5%–10% of total body weigth of neonate after birth?

Answer 32

- sudden separation of the baby from its source of nutrients provided by the maternal circulation. - Because of this separation and the shock of birth and new life

Question 33

Level of maturity of Digestive system of neonates

Answer 33

- Although the digestive system of the fetus becomes somewhat functional late in development - It is still very immature compared to that of the adult and can digest only a limited number of food types.

Question 34

what happens **(Concerning digestive system)** late in gestation?

Answer 34

Late in gestation, the fetus swallows amniotic fluid from time to time

Question 35

what happens after birth? **(Concerning swallowed amniotic fluid)**?

Answer 35

- Shortly after birth, this swallowed fluid plus cells sloughed from the mucosal lining, mucus produced by intestinal mucous glands, and bile from the liver pass from the digestive tract as a greenish anal discharge called meconium

Question 36

what is **Meconium**?

Answer 36

- Swallowed amniotic fluid plus cells sloughed from the mucosal lining, mucus produced by intestinal mucous glands, and bile from the liver

Question 37

pH of stomach of neonates

Answer 37

- The pH of the stomach at birth is nearly neutral because of the presence of swallowed alkaline amniotic fluid. - Within the first 8 hours of life, a striking increase in gastric acid secretion occurs, causing the stomach pH to decrease. - Maximum acidity is reached at 4–10 days, and the pH gradually increases for the next 10–30 day

Question 38

Level of maturity of neonatal liver

Answer 38

- The neonatal liver is also functionally immature. - It lacks adequate amounts of the enzyme required in the production of bilirubin. - This enzyme system usually develops within 2 weeks after birth in a healthy neonate

Question 39

what causes physiological jaundice?

Answer 39

- Because this enzyme system **(The one reponsible for getting rid of bilirubin)** is not fully developed at birth, some full-term babies may temporarily develop jaundice

Question 40

Incidence of jaundice in premature babies

Answer 40

- Jaundice often occurs in premature babies

Question 41

what is The newborn digestive system capable of digesting?

Answer 41

- The newborn digestive system is capable of digesting lactose (milk sugar) from the time of birth. - The pancreatic secretions are sufficiently mature for a milk diet

Question 42

When does the digestive system gradually develops the ability to digest more solid foods?

Answer 42

- over the first year or two

Question 43

Precautions during food adminstration to neonates

Answer 43

- New foods should be introduced gradually during the first 2 years. - It’s also advised that only one new food be introduced at a time into the infant’s diet so that

Question 44

Why should only one new food be introduced at a time into the infant’s diet?

Answer 44

- so that, if an allergic reaction occurs, the cause is more easily determined.

Question 45

Amylase secretion by the salivary glands and the pancreas in neonates

Answer 45

- Amylase secretion by the salivary glands and the pancreas remains low until after the first year

Question 46

Lactase activity in the small intestine of neonates and adults

Answer 46

- Lactase activity in the small intestine is high at birth but declines during infancy, although the levels still exceed those in adults. - Lactase activity is lost in many adults

Question 47

what does ductus venosus become after birth?

Answer 47

ligamentum venosum