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Y2B3 - Reproductive πŸ“˜ > Biochemistry πŸ§ͺ > Flashcards

Biochemistry πŸ§ͺ Flashcards

1
Q

what are Hormones?

A

chemical messengers that the endocrine glands (ductless) produce and release into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

what is the structute of sex hormones?

A

Steroid hormones (containing steroid nucleus) derived from cholesterol

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3
Q

what is the function of sex hormones?

A

play an essential role in Sexual development & reproduction

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4
Q

where are sex hormones secreted from?

A

The main glands that produce sex hormones are the Adrenal glands & the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males).

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5
Q

Male sex hormones (Androgens)

A
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6
Q

Female sex hormones

A
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7
Q

what is estradiol considered as?

A
  • Most powerful & common estrogen in females
  • Present in lower amount in males
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8
Q

Compare between (testosterone, progesterone & estradiol) according to:

  • Number of carbons
  • Steroid nucleus
  • Structure
  • production site
  • Functions
A
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9
Q

Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis

A
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10
Q

Are GnRH,LH,FSH considered as sex hormones?

A

GnRH,LH,FSH are glycoprotein hormones not sex hormones

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11
Q

what is Pregnenolone considered as?

A
  • Pregnenolone is the precursor of all other steroid hormones (androgens & mineralocorticoids)
  • Pregnenolone is a Prohormone
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12
Q

Definition of Progestin Synthesis

A

Progesterone synthesis from pregnenolone

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13
Q

Enzyme resopnsible for Progestin Synthesis

A

3Ξ²- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (3Ξ²-HSD)

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14
Q

Site of Progestin Synthesis

A

1) Corpus luteum cells
2) Placenta during pregnancy
3) Adrenal glands

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15
Q

what are the steps of Androgen Synthesis in males?

A
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16
Q

what is the concentration of DHT? and what does it account for?

A
  • About one-tenth as abundant as testosterone
  • Accounts for most of testosterone’s biological action
17
Q

what is the site of Estrogen Synthesis in females?

A

Granulosa & theca cells of ovaries

18
Q

Steps of Estrogen Synthesis in females

A
19
Q

How does females hormone synthesis vary with the menstrual cycle?

A

Hormone synthesis vary with the menstrual cycle:
- Estradiol→ main product in follicular phase
- Progesterone β†’ main product in luteal phase

20
Q

Extra-glandular synthesis of estrogen in females

A
  • Aromatase is expressed in non-gonadal sites and facilitates peripheral aromatization of androgens β†’ estrone

Includes:
a) Fat cells: converts androgen β†’ estrone

b) Bone: converts testosterone β†’ local estrogen to help epiphyses maturation

21
Q

what is the mechanism of action of sex hormones?

A
22
Q

which is quicker, genomic or non-genomic pathways of sex hormones action?

A

Non-genomic rapid pathways are much quicker than genomic pathways, which are slow and result in changes in the transcription levels of specific proteins in the cell

23
Q

Summary of enzymes which participate in sex hormones synthesis

A

Y2B3 - Reproductive πŸ“˜ (9 decks)

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