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Abdomen 2 > Scrotum > Flashcards

Scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the scrotum into 2 compartments externally?

A

Raphe

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2
Q

What merges centrally to form internal scrotal septum internally?

A

Dartos tunica

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3
Q

What is the scrotum lined by?

A

Tunica vaginalis (2 layers):
-parietal
-visceral

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4
Q

What is normal scrotal was thickness?

A

2-8mm

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5
Q

Fibrous layer surrounding testes

A

Tunica albuginea

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6
Q

Invaginations of the tunica albuginea divide testicles into what? What do these contain?

A

Lobules, lobules contain seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Converging of seminiferous tubules at the mediastinum join to form?

A

Efferent ducts

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8
Q

What do efferent ducts do?

A

Carry seminal fluid to the epididymis

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9
Q

Where the testes are tethered to the scrotal wall by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis

A

Bare area

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10
Q

Remnant of the Müllerian duct

A

Appendix testes

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11
Q

Where does the tail of the epididymis

A

Vas deferens

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12
Q

Another name for the head of the epididymis

A

Globus major

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13
Q

Remnant of the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct

A

Appendix epididymis

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14
Q

What connects the testes to the pelvis/abdomen?

A

Spermatic cord

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15
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas deferens, arteries, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics and nerves

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16
Q

What is venous drainage route?

A

Via pampiniform plexus
RT drains into IVC
LT drains into left renal vein

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17
Q

What is the mediastinum on u/s?

A

The hyperechoic area in the middle of the testicle

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18
Q

Where in the testicle is it mostly benign and malignant?

A

Extratesticular- benign
Intratesticular- malignant

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19
Q

Undescended testicle

A

Cryptorchidism

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20
Q

The structure that guides and anchors the testis during descent into the scrotal sac

A

Gubernaculum

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21
Q

Testicular duplication

A

Polyorchidism

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22
Q

Absent testicle

A

Anorchia, more common on left

23
Q

Most common cause of painless scrotal swelling

A

Hydrocele

24
Q

Collection of fluid between the tunica vaginalis layers

A

Hydrocele

25
Q

Are large hydrocele associated with neoplasms?

A

No, but small ones are seen in 60% of patients with testicular tumors

26
Q

Blood in scrotal sac

A

Hematocele

27
Q

Pus in the scrotal sac

A

Pyocele

28
Q

Dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus >2mm

A

Varicocele

29
Q

What are scrotal hernias typically associated with?

A

Heavy lifting

30
Q

Is a ruptured testicle a surgical emergency?

A

Yes

31
Q

Spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply

A

Torsion

32
Q

Testis rotate freely within the tunica vaginalis

A

Intravaginal torsion

33
Q

Both tunica vaginalis & spermatic cord undergo torsion as a unit

A

Extravaginal torsion

34
Q

Sonographic appearance of acute torsion (name 3)

A

-enlarged testicle/epi
-testicle more hypoechoic
-absent flow
-reactive hydrocele
-scrotal skin thickening

35
Q

Most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults

A

Epididymitis

36
Q

Inflammation of the testis

A

Orchitis

37
Q

Mobile calcifications on tunica or within scrotal sac

A

Scrotal pearls

38
Q

Retention cyst, dilated epididymal tubules filled with nonviable sperm

A

Spermatocele

39
Q

Are non-germ cell (gonadal stromal) tumors benign? Name the 2

A

Majority are benign
-Sertoli cells
-Leydig cells

40
Q

Most common extratesticular tumour

A

Adenomatoid tumour (benign)

41
Q

Calcifications within seminiferous tubules

A

Microlithiasis

42
Q

<5 micro calcs per transducer field

A

Benign

43
Q

Signs/symptoms of malignant pathologies

A

-painless scrotal enlargement
- unilateral
-hypoechoic
-increased vascularity
-reactive hydrocele (sometimes)

44
Q

Germ cell tumours

A

Seminoma
Non-seminomatous
-embryonal
-yolk sac
-choriocarcinoma
-teratoma
-mixed germ call

45
Q

Most common germ cell tumour

A

Seminoma

46
Q

May cause BhCG to be elevated

A

Seminoma

47
Q

Least aggressive malignant tumour

A

Seminoma

48
Q

2nd most common testicular malignancy

A

Embryonal cell

49
Q

Most aggressive cancer

A

Embryonal cell

50
Q

Infantile form of embryonal cell

A

Yolk sac tumour

51
Q

AFP is always elevated with this one

A

Yolk sac tumor

52
Q

Highly malignant and aggressive, serum BhCG always elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma

53
Q

Low frequency, typically benign in children and malignant in adults

A

Teratoma

Abdomen 2 (4 decks)

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